Metformin is the most commonly prescibed drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus as it is inexpensive, safe, and efficient in ameliorating hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Numerous epidemiological studies indicate that diabetic population is not only at increased risk of cardiovascular complications, but also at substantially higher risk of many forms of malignancies. Meanwhile, epidemiological and clinical observation studies have shown that metformin use reduces risk of cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and improves prognosis and survival rate of the cancer patients. Furthermore, metformin has been used for cancer therapy in clinical trials. Thus, metformin is emerging as a new cancer therapy or adjuvant anticancer drugs. This review summarizes recent progress in studies of metformin use and its molecular mechanism.
Antineoplastic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Metformin ; therapeutic use ; Neoplasms ; drug therapy

Objective To estimate the effect of open reduction and internal fixation for treating the trimalleolar fracture in the elderly.Methods 57 aged patients suffered from the trimalleolar fracture and were treated with internal fixation from January 2009 to June 2012.25 males and 32 females with an average age of 71.5 years ranged from 65 to 81 years were involved in this study.The supination-external rotation type were in 41 cases and pronation-external rotation type in 16 cases according to Lauge-hansen's classification.The posterior and lateral approach was taken for surgical procedure of lateral malleolar frature.The routine or locking plates were used to fix the fratures.The posterior malleolar fractures were usually fixed through the posterolateral approach as well.The screws or tension band fixation was selected for fixing the medial malleolar fragments.The parallel screwing fixation could be helpful for fixing the tibiofibular syndesmosis.Results The ankle function was evaluated by the criteria system of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS).The efficacy was excellent in 23 patients,good in 24 patients,fair in 7 patients.The skin problems such as super facial infection and delayed union of incision were in 7 cases.Conclusions If choosing reasonable operation method and suitable internal plant,the open reduction and internal fixation has better effect in treating the trimalleolar fracture in the elderly,with fewer complications.

OBJECTIVE To compare the treatment effects of secreory otitis media with artificial eustachian tube insertion and tympanotomy tube insertion.To provide useful information for the treatment of secretory otitis media.METHODS Seventy-one patients(86 ears) with secretory otitis media were randomly divided into tow groups:experimental group(36 cases,44 ears) and control group(35 cases 42 ears).The experimental group was treated by artificial eustachian tube insertion under nasal endoscope.Drugs were injected through the tube into the tympanic cavity everyday after flushing it. The control group were treated by traditional method—the tympanic ventilation tube.All patients were followed up for 6 months.RESULTS The experimental group: 21 ears(47.73%) were cured,19 ears(43.18%) were straightened up,and no effects observed in 4 ears (9.09%).The control group:12 ears(28.57%) cured,17 ears(40.48%) wered straightened up and no effects obsered in 13 ears(30.95%).The efficiency rate of the experimental group(90.91%) was much higher than the control group(69.05%,P

Objective Currently, the effect of hydrogen peroxide solution( H2 O2 ) flush on the recovery of peripheral nerve injury are still undetermined. This study aims to explore the effects of different H2 O2 flushing time course on recovery of peripheral nerve injury during surgical debridement. Methods 18 New Zealand male white rabbits were randomly divided into isotonic saline group( isotonic saline flush) , H2 O21 min group ( hydrogen peroxide solution flush 1 min + isotonic saline flush) , H2 O23 min group ( H2 O2 flush 3 min + isotonic saline flush. Each group has 6 rabbits. We established rabbit sciatic nerve injury model. After 12 weeks, we executed the animals, drew materials at the suture nerve, detected motor nerve conduction velocity and observed pathological HE staining, as well as measuring the sciatic nerve function indexes( SFI) of rabbits at the 8th and 12th week, respectively. Results Nerve conduction velocity in H2O21min group and isotonic saline group[(25.89±1.42), (26.46±1.67) m/s] were higher than that in the H2O23min group[(23.80±2.91)m/s](P<0.05). Pathological section shows that the isotonic saline group has a better sheathstructure, nerve fibers structure damage is not obvious and myelin degeneration degree is mild in H2 O21 min group. blurred sheath structure and myelin axons obvious deformation in H2 O23 min group. 8 weeks and 12 weeks after operation, SFI in isotonic saline group [(-43.00±0.82), (-39.17±0.91) m/s] was significant higher than H2O21 min group [ (-49.79±1.47), (-46.60±0.79) m/s] and H2O23min group [(-51.66±1.27), (-46.39±0.94) m/s], thedifference was statistically significant (P<0.05). SFI in group of H2O21min [(-49.79±1.47)m/s] was higher than group og H2O23 min [(-51.66±1.27) m/s][P<0.05]. Conclusion H2O2 solution has side effect on the recovery of damaged peripheral nerve inju-ry and with prolonging the H2 O2 flushing time, the damage of peripheral nerve can be aggravated. So in the process of clinical surgical debridement, under the premise of guaranteed sterilization the time of H2 O2 flush should be shortened as far as possible.

Objective To sum up the experience of renal transplantation in order to improve transplant effect and enhance the long-term survival and recovery rate.Methods The data of renal transplantation of 1 124 cases who received renal transplantation from Jul. 1978 to Oct. 2001 were summarized. All the possible factors that could influence the transplant effect such as pre-operative preparation, HLA match, donors' quality, surgical procedure, immunosuppressive therapy and so on were analyzed. Results The 1-, 3-, 5-year survival rate (%) of patient/kidney was 83.1/ 70.3, 74.6/ 68.6 and 62.6/ 56.1 respectively. The rate of AR was decreased significantly from 3.09?% only with LXM to 0.89?% with LXM test in combination with HLA serological test. The rate of HAR and AR in 130 cases with additional PRA test were lower than those only with LXM test.Conclusions The well pre-operative preparation, the ideal HLA match, the high quality of donor's kidney and transplant operation were keys for successful renal transplantation. Reduction of the complications, individual and combined medication in reason and long-term follow-up were very important in the long-term survival time.

Abnormalities, Multiple ; diagnosis ; Colon ; abnormalities ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Peristalsis ; Syndrome ; Urinary Bladder ; abnormalities

Objective To develop an interleukin-4(IL-4) antagonist named M5-IgG1Fc protein constructed by genetic engineering of antibody Fc fragment-cytokine mutein fusion protein which has a long half-life time in plasma.M5-IgG1 Fc protein binds to IL-4 receptor but cannot activate downstream signalling pathway , which provides a basis for drug develop-ment for allergic diseases .Methods The synthesized interleukin-4 mutant gene ( named M5 ) was cloned into the expres-sion vector pBV220 and transformed into E.coli DH5α.Chimeric gene M5-IgG1Fc obtained by overlap extension (SOE) method was transformed into glycoengineered Pichia pastoris GJK01 through expression vector pPICZαA .Then M5-IgGFc fusion protein was obtained by protein purification after being induced by methanol in 72 hours.The anti-IL-4 biologicial ac-tivity assay of M5 and M5-IgG1 Fc was performed with CTLL-2/IL-4R cells and detected with MTT colormetry .Finally,the half-life time of M5 and M5-IgG1 Fc protein in mice was compared by detecting the remaining amount in plasma with ELISA kit.Results The M5 protein expressed in E.coli and M5-IgG1 Fc fusion protein expressed in P.pastoris GJK01 both had IL-4 antagonistic bioactivity .The EC50 of both, which inhibited 5.6 ×10 -2 nmol/ml of IL-4, were 0.31 ±0.05 and 0.77 ± 0.03 nmol/ml,respectively.The maximum of M5 in plasma at 0.5 h was 5.8 ×10 -2 nmol/ml but the remaining amount was 2.8%of the maximum at 2 h.M5 protein could not be detected after administration at 8 h because of the detection line . The maximum of M5-IgG1 Fc fusion protein was 4.7 ×10 -2 nmol/ml,while fusion protein M5-IgG1 Fc decreased to 4.3%of its maximum at 120 h and could not be detected at 168 h.Conclusion M5 protein has IL-4 antagonistic bioactivity .M5-IgG1 Fc fusion protein expressed in glycoengineered P.pastoris GJK01 has IL-4 antagonistic bioactivity and long retention time in mice,which can be potentially used for treatment of allergic diseases .

Objective:To investigate the existence of side population cells with the potency of stem cells in human gallbladder carcinoma cell line GBC-SD and the differences in ABCG2,Oct-4 and CD34 expression among SP cells,non-SP cells and GBC-SD cells.Methods:SP and non-SP cells were sorted from GBC-SD cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting(FACS).The expression of ABCG2,Oct-4 and CD34 in SP cells,non-SP cells,and GBC-SD cells was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),Western blot,flow cytometry(FCM)and immunofluorescence chemistry.Results:SP cells with stem cell potency were isolated from GBC-SD cells with a proportion of(0.64±0.08)%.The metastatic ability of SP cells was obviously higher than that of non-SP cells and GBC-SD cells(P<0.05).The expression of ABCG2 was significantly higher in SP cells than in non-SP cells and GBC-SD cells[(89.56±3.86)%vs.(1.32±0.49)%and(12.37±1.61)%,P=0.001].The expression of Oct-4 in these cells was(94.87±1.40)%,(88.16±2.34)%and(90.17±1.61)%,respectively(P>0.05).CD34 was neady absent in these cells on protein level[(1.78±0.51)%vs.(0.63±0.21)%and(0.96±0.381)%,P>0.05)],but it was highly expressed in non-SP cells and GBC-SD cells and absent in SP cells off mRNA leve;.Conclusion:SP calls which hava the potency of stem cells,exist in human gallbladder carcinoma GBC-SD cell line and have the phenotype of ABCG2+Oct-4+CD34-.

Objective To discuss the indication, technical points and long-term effects of endovascular embolization for non-functioning renal graft with detachable coils, and to get further evaluation of its practical value.Methods Monitored by DSA, endovascular embolization with detachable coils was performed on 11 patients with non-functioning renal graft.Results Renal arteries all had been successfully blocked in 11 cases.Good recovery without any complication was obtained.Conclusion Endovascular embolization for non-functioning renal graft with detachable coils is safe, minimally invasive and convenient, and can be used as an alternative to the resection of the renal grafts.

As a clean, efficient, and renewable energy, hydrogen is regarded as a promising alternative. Because of using biomass as substrate, microbial fermentative hydrogen production can meet the need of sustainable development. The factors affecting the process of microbial fermentative hydrogen production, are analyzed in this paper on the basis of microorganisms, substrates, products and operative parameters. The parameters related to hydrogen production from organic wastes, are also mentioned.