Objective To observe the protective effects of soluble Nogo-66 receptor (NgR1 )antagonist (sNgR1-Fc) on cortical axons after cortical infarction in rats,and to study the phenomenon and molecular mechanism of its protective effects on and regeneration of axons.Methods The cortical infarction was induced by photochemistry,termed photothrombotic cortical injury (PCI).Fifteen Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups:Sham-operated group,PBS (phosphate buffered solution) group,and s-NgR1-Fc group.In PBS group,PBS was injected into the lateral ventricle of rats; and in sNgR1-Fc group,sNgR1-Fc was injected instead of PBS. The ipsilateral cortex with lesion was harvested for histomorphometry and transmission electron microscope observation 7 days after PCI. Proteins including GTP-RhoA,p-JNK,p-c-JUN and p-ATF-2 were detected by Western blot,as well as Total-J and Total-RhoA.Results The cortical infarction in rats was successfully induced by photochemistry.Compared with sham-operated group,the pathological changes in PBS groups were more serious,including extensive edema or disappearance of axoplasm of fiber without medulla sheath involved and extensive thickening or layer derangement in axoplasm of fiber with medulla sheath involved.These changes were improved significantly after sNgR1-Fc treatment.The levels of GTP-RhoA,p-JNK1,p-JNK2,p-c-JUN and p-ATF-2 in the PBS group were significantly higher than those in the sham-operation group ( P ＜ 0.05 ),whereas the levels of Total-RhoA,Total-JNKl and Total-JNK2 were not different significantly between these two groups (P ＞0.05 ).The sNgR1-Fc treatment up-regulated the levels of these proteins ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions There is pathological change in axon induced by cerebral hypoxia-ischemia for a long period after cortical infarction.The mechanisms may be associated with RhoA/ROCK/JNK/c-Jun signal way,which is activated by ischemia injury and related to the inhibition of regeneration in axon.Our study shows that NgR1-Fc may inhibit this pathway significantly,and then promote the regeneration of axon partially.

Objectives: To evaluate mice as experimental animal for Chlamydia pneumoniae, a common cause of acute respiratory infections in human.　Methods: Intranasal inoculation of Icr mice with C. Pneumoniae induced a prolonged course of lung infection, as demonstrated by persistence of lung pathology(60 days).　Results: Icr mice were susceptible to C. pneumoniae. Lung pathology was characterized by patchy interstitial pneumonitis with predominately neutrophil leukocyte infiltration in the early(7 days) and lymphocytes infiltration in the later stages(14 days later) of infection.　Conclusions:Icr mice were susceptible to C. pneumoniae and the mouse model is useful for the investigation of the pathogenesis of C. pneumoniae infection.

AIM: To study the effects of CIK cocultured with DC that pulsed with RCC antigen on renal carcinoma cells.METHODS: DC and CIK cells were generated respectively by cytokines from PBMC of healthy blood donor.Cell surface markers were analyzed by flow cytometry.Then CIK were cocultured with autologous DC that was(or not) pulsed with RCC antigen(786-0 cells).Cytotoxic activity against 786-0 or PC3 cells was measured by MTT assay under three different conditions: CIK cocultured with DC which was pulsed with 786-0 antigen(group A);CIK cocultured with DC which is not pulsed with 786-0 antigen(group B);CIK without DC(group C).RESULTS: The cytotoxic activity of three groups against 786-0 cells was(70.64?8.26)%,(53.40?7.33)%,(46.64?6.01)%,respectively(E/T=(20∶1)).Significant differences between group A and group B or between group A and group C were observed(P

Objective To study the effect of neuronal Nogo-66 receptor (NgR1) antagonist,soluble Nogo-66 receptor (sNgR1-Fc),on promoting the endogenous neural precursor cells (NPCs) differentiating into neurons in order to clarify the mechanism.Methods The cortical infarction was induced by photochemistry,named photothrombotic cortical injury (PCI).Twelve Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided (random number) into three groups:Sham-operated group,PBS group,and sNgR1-Fc group.PBS (PBS group) or sNgR1-Fc (sNgR1-Fc group) was injected into the lateral ventricle of brain with a minipump.BrdU (Bromodeoxyuridine) was injected into the peritoneal cavity 4-6 days after PCI.The subdentate gyrus zone (SGZ) of brain from sacrificed rat was harvested for Immunohistochemistry to observe the ratio of NeuN +/BrdU + cells 35 days after PCI.Proteins including Nestin、Notch1 and Mash1 were detected by Western Blot.Results The cortical infarction in rat was successfully induced by photochemistry.Thirty-five days after PCI,the BrdU + cells number and theratio of NeuN +/BrdU + in the SGZ of the ipsilateral cerebrum hemisphere with PCI were significantly higher in sNgR1-Fc group than those in PBS group (P ＜ 0.05).The levels of Notch1,Mash1 and Neuro D in the sNgR1-Fc group were significantly higher than those in the PBS group (P ＜ 0.05),which were significantly higher than those in the Sham-operated group.Conclusions sNgR1-Fc could promote the endogenous NPCs differentiating into neurons in a cortical infarction model.The mechanisms may be attributed to the Notch/bHLH (proneural basic helix-loop-helix genes) signaling way.

Over the course of human civilization, viral infections have been a part of human life and still represent one of the heaviest burdens for human and society, with a huge devastating socioeconomic impact. Inorganic and bioinorganic chemistry have made important contributions to medical science and human health in the past half century. In this paper, we selected the representative cases in recent years, and reviewed the research progress of antiviral drug discovery from the perspective of bioinorganic chemistry.

OBJECTIVETo detect the expression of the peripheral blood P2X5 receptor at various ambient temperatures, and to explore its relationship with deficiency-cold syndrome and deficiency-heat syndrome.

METHODSSubjects were selected by questionnaire and expert diagnosis, and assigned to the normal control group, the deficiency-cold syndrome group, and the deficiency-heat syndrome group, 20 in each group. 5 mL venous blood was collected at room temperature (25 °C) and cold temperature (-4-5 °C) respectively. Then the expression of P2X5 receptor was relatively quantified by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, and compared at room temperature and cold temperature respectively.

RESULTSThe expression of P2X5 receptor in deficiency-cold syndrome and deficiency-heat syndrome groups was lower than that in the normal control group at room temperature (P < 0.05). It decreased more at cold temperature in the deficiency-cold syndrome group than in the normal control group (P < 0.01) as well as in the deficiency-heat syndrome group (P < 0.05). The expression of P2X5 receptor showed no difference in all groups at two different temperatures (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe expression of P2X5 receptor was different in different syndrome groups at various ambient temperatures. Ambient temperatures had insignificant effect on the expression of P2X5 receptor of the population with the same syndrome.

Cold Temperature ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Receptors, Purinergic P2X5 ; metabolism ; Syndrome

Objective To study the effects of mild hypothermia (MH) on blood coagulation and cerebral microcirculation in rabbits after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Method A total of 24 New Zealand rabbits were randomly (random number) divided equally into normothermic group (NT) and MH group. CPR model was established by ventricular fibrillation induced by using alternating current. The rabbits of NT group were observed for 12 h in room temperature after restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The mild hypothermia was induced in the rabbits of group MH by surface cooling after ROSC, and maintained for 12 h after the aimed low temperature reached. The PT (prothrombin time), APTT (activated partial thromboplastin time), INR (international normalized ratio of prothrombin), D-dimmer (DD) , blood platelet count (BPC) , anti-thrombin Ⅲ activity (AT-Ⅲ) and protein C activity (PC) were measured before CPR and 4 h, 8 h and 12 h after ROSC, and at the same time the cerebral microcirculation was measured by using PERIMED Multichannel Laser Doppler system. One-way ANOVA or Mann-Whitney rank was used to determine the statistical significance between two groups. LSD-t test was used for multiple comparisons,t test for comparisons of means between two independent samples, and Pearson correlation test for correlation analysis. Results The PT, APTT and INR showed a trend of gradually shortening during the course. The APTT in 12 h after ROSC was significantly shorter than that before CPR (23.32 ±5.19 vs. 29.53 ±5.10,P = 0.025), and the activity of AT- Ⅲ and PC were decreased significantly. Compared with the group NT,the PT, APTT and INR in group MH were increased significantly, while there were no differences in the activity of AT- Ⅲ, PC and D-D between two groups. The rates of cerebral microcirculation in group NT before CPR and 4 h, 8 h and 12 h after ROSC were 401.60 ± 11.76 mL/min, 258.86 ± 34. 58 mL/min,317.59 ± 23.36 mL/min and 371.98 ± 5.79 mL/min, respectively, and those in group MT were 398.18 ±12.91 mL/min, 336.19 ± 19.27 mL/min, 347.76 ± 13.80 mL/min and 383.78 ± 3.29 mL/min, respectively. There were significant differences between two groups at each interval after ROSC (4 h: t = - 6.025,df=16, P=0.000;8 h: t= -2.942, df=12, P=0.012;12 h: t= -3.959, df=8, P=0.004). The Pearson correlation test showed that the rate of cerebral microcirculation was positive correlated with APTT after ROSC (4 h:R =0.503,P=0.033;8 h:R=0. 565,P=0. 035;12 h:R=0. 774,P=0. 009), and was not correlated with the other blood coagulants. Conclusions The mild hypothermia led to the inhibition of blood coagulation and improved the cerebral microcirculation concomitantly, which may be one of the mechanism of cerebral protection.

Objective To explore the safety and rate of intraperitoneal cooling in rabbits after cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR). Method There were two experiments. In the experiment one: 15 healthy adult NewZealand rabbits were divided into five groups as per the various amounts, 30, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mL/kg, of priming volume of 4 ℃ cold balanced salts solution injected into peritoneal cavity of rabbits. After injection of priming cold solution, the tympanic temperature between 33 ℃～ 35 ℃. For the maintenance of this mild hypothermia, a intraperitoneal infusion device(patent number ZL200820201265) was connected to the rabbits. The rabbits were rewarmed by using the same device after 12-hour hypothermia. The biochemical parameters were assayed during the experiment. After the rabbits were sacrificed, the liver, ileocecal junction of intestine and kidneys were removed to fix them in 3 % formalin, and examined by using H.E. staining. In the experiment two, another 12 healthy adult New Zealand rabbits were induced into ventricular fibrillation by alternating electric current and then gave CPR for 2 minutes. After return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC), the priming volume of 4 ℃ cold liquid was infused into peritoneal cavity of rabbits, and then the rabbits were connected to the intraperitoneal cooling device to maintain hypothermia for 12 hours. Matched-pairs t test was used for the comparison of biomarkers before and after intraperitoneal cooling. A two-tailed value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results In the experiment one, the tympanic temperature of rabbits with priming volume of 80 mL/kg cold solution was decreased quickly reaching the target temperature in(30±2.00) minutes. During the induction of hypothermia, the intraperitoneal temperature reached the target temperature in less than 10 minutes, and was 1 -2℃ lower than the tympanic temperature during the maintenance of hypothermia. The intraperitoneal cooling did not cause damage in the liver, ileocecal junction of intestine and kidney, and did not alter the biomarkers. In the experiment two, the tympanic temperature of rabbits after ROSC was decreased quickly after intraperitoneal infusion of 80 mL/kg 4 ℃ cold solution, and reached the target temperature in(26.00±6.99) minutes, and the intraperitoneal temperature was lowered to reach the target temperature in less than 10 minutes. This cooling method after CPR didn' t disturbance water-electrolyte and acid-base balance. Conclusions The intraperitoneal cooling can safely and quickly induce hypothermia after CPR in rabbits.

OBJECTIVESThe physicians knowledge and attitude to erectile dysfunction (ED) is very important to the diagnosis and management of this disease. We investigated the physicians and practitioners knowledge of ED, attitude to ED, and if they actively find the underlying ED patients.

METHODSThree hundreds and one physicians and practitioners in Beijing completed a questionnaire. The subjects included urologists, cardiologists, endocrinologists, surgeons, orthopaedicians and community practitioners.

RESULTSThe definition of ED was well known by most subjects (83.4%). Many agreed that ED was a common condition in the aging men (85.0%), and it was an important health problem (78.7%) and it was the local signs of certain systemic diseases (89.7%). The most common risk factors of ED enumerated by the physicians were diabetes (45.5%), hypertension (12.6%) and coronary artery diseases (12.0%). 45.5% physicians met the patients who initiated questions about ED. 32.6% physicians would discuss ED with the patients if the patients initiate questions about ED. 95.0% non-urological physicians would refer the ED patients to urologists or andrologists. 43.5% of all the physicians never asked their patients about erectile function, this proportions in the subgroups of urologists, non-urological physicians and community practitioners were 7.2%, 55.3% and 60.5% respectively (P < 0.01). The most common reasons for the physicians not to initiate the inquiries about ED was "the patients would not have ED if they didnt complain about it" (42.2%), "there was no ED patients in my specialty" (20.9%), "diagnosis and treatment of ED was not my business" (17.3%), "have no time" (15.6%), "feel embarrassed" (13.6%).

CONCLUSIONSMost physicians regarded ED as an important health problem and a common condition in aging men, but they didnt take an active attitude to ED in their clinical practice.

Aging ; Attitude of Health Personnel ; China ; epidemiology ; Education, Medical ; Erectile Dysfunction ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Knowledge ; Male ; Physicians ; psychology ; Risk Factors

Adult ; Aged ; Cataract Extraction ; methods ; Endothelial Cells ; pathology ; Female ; Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phacoemulsification