OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of now available clinical guidelines and consensus statements on type 2 diabetes. Based on this assessment, the comparison of guidelines and consensuses is made to give some suggestions on the methods of making these documents. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, SinoMed and guideline websites were systematically searched. Literatures were screened according to defined criteria for including. AGREE II was used to instrument assess the quality of the guidelines and consensuses. RESULTS: The result showed that the quality of included guidelines is various, but the overall quality of guidelines is still higher than consensuses. Guidelines got high scores in scope and purpose domain and clarity of presentation domain, but low scores in rigor of development domain and applicability domain. Consensus statements got low scores in all 6 domains. CONCLUSION: The main reason for the difference is consensuses have poor methodology. Rapid advice guidelines were suggested as an alternative for consensus statements.

Objective:To determine whether ox-LDL (oxdized low-density lipoprotein) is highly deposited on the uremic vessel wall and its influence on the vascular remodeling. Methods: Segments of radial arteries were obtained from 21 uremic subjects during the operation of A-V fistula prior to hemodialysis. Segments of internal thoracic arteries of similar diameter were obtained from patients with benign chest tumors as control.The vascular lesions and ox-LDL, CD68,MCP-1, eNOS,ET-1, PCNA,FN on the vessel wall were determined by means of H-E stain and immunohistochemistry. Results： With H-E stain,atherosclerotic plaques were found in the radial arteries of 4 uremic patients. The middle layer of the arteries in uremic patients were obviously thickened, and the T/D　(thickness of the wall/external diameter) ratio was significantly higher than those in control group(P<0.01). ox-LDL,CD68,MCP-1, ET-1, PCNA,FN on the vessel wall in uremic patients were much higher than those in control group (P<0.01). Moreover, ox-LDL on the vessel wall was positively related to the expression of other above mentioned substances on the vessel wall (P<0.01). Whereas the expression of eNOS on the vessel wall was lower than control group (P<0.01),and was negatively related to ox-LDL on the vessel wall(P<0.01). Conclusion: ox-LDL is an important factor contributing to uremic vascular remodeling by increasing the migration,adhesion and infiltration of monocyte,the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cell and dysfunction of endothelia.

Objective:To determine whether ox-LDL (oxdized low-density lipoprotein) is highly deposited on the uremic vessel wall and its influence on the vascular remodeling. Methods: Segments of radial arteries were obtained from 21 uremic subjects during the operation of A-V fistula prior to hemodialysis. Segments of internal thoracic arteries of similar diameter were obtained from patients with benign chest tumors as control.The vascular lesions and ox-LDL, CD68,MCP-1, eNOS,ET-1, PCNA,FN on the vessel wall were determined by means of H-E stain and immunohistochemistry. Results： With H-E stain,atherosclerotic plaques were found in the radial arteries of 4 uremic patients. The middle layer of the arteries in uremic patients were obviously thickened, and the T/D　(thickness of the wall/external diameter) ratio was significantly higher than those in control group(P<0.01). ox-LDL,CD68,MCP-1, ET-1, PCNA,FN on the vessel wall in uremic patients were much higher than those in control group (P<0.01). Moreover, ox-LDL on the vessel wall was positively related to the expression of other above mentioned substances on the vessel wall (P<0.01). Whereas the expression of eNOS on the vessel wall was lower than control group (P<0.01),and was negatively related to ox-LDL on the vessel wall(P<0.01). Conclusion: ox-LDL is an important factor contributing to uremic vascular remodeling by increasing the migration,adhesion and infiltration of monocyte,the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cell and dysfunction of endothelia.

Objective To understand the carrying condition of the mutation gene of neonatal deafness in Huzhou City and explore the significance of the combination screening of hearing and deafness genes. Methods 2258 newborns who were born in Huzhou maternal and child health care hospital were screened for hearing and deafness and were followed up to the age of 3. Two kinds of complementarity and relativity of screening were analyzed. Early hearing screening was used by transient evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) screening, hearing rescreening was used by TEOAE and autoauditory brainstem response (AABR) . Collected the neonatal umbilical cord blood and detected GJB2, SLC26A4, GJB3, mitochondrial 12SrRNA 4 genes 20 deafness mutations. Results Early hearing screening failed in 550 cases, with a failure rate of 24.36％. Detected in 118 cases of deafness gene carriers, total carrying rate was 5.23％. GJB2, SLC26A4, GJB3 and mitochondrial 12SrRNA gene mutation rate were 3.10％, 1.46％, 0.58％ and 0.09％ respectively. Initial failure rate of mother and child hearing screening was 16.30 ％ (300/1840) . The rate of gene transfer for deafness mutation was 5.65 ％ (104/1840) . Initial failure rate of NICU hearing screening was 59.81 ％ (250/418) . The rate of gene transfer for deafness mutation was 3.35％ (14/418) . The failure rate of initial hearing screening of NICU newborns was higher than that of mother and child (P<0.01) . There was no statistically significant difference in carrying rate between the two groups (P>0.05) . There was no statistical correlation between initial hearing screening andwhether or not to carry deaf mutation gene (P>0.05) . 52 infants were missed in this study. 12 patients were diagnosed with hearing impairment, and the hearing impairment rate was 0.54％. Among them, 9 cases were normal and 3 cases were abnormal. Conclusion Newborns hearing screening by whether or not had nothing to do with deafness gene.Hearing screening with deafness gene screening at the same time can reduce the delay in diagnosis of deafness and drug deafness can also be prevented early.

OBJECTIVECurrents contributing repolarization in rabbit ventricular myocyte are very complex since the I(To.s) covers almost the whole repolarization phase of the action potential. The other components of repolarizing currents, as I(Kr) and I(Ks) are small. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether or not there are other currents in rabbit ventricular repolarization.

METHODSIon currents of rabbit ventricular myocyte were recorded using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique.

RESULTSIn the present work, an nonselective cation current was identified by replacing the K(+) with Cs(+) in the bathing and pipette solutions. The outward current elicited by depolarizing potentials could be inhibited by Gd(3+), an effective inhibitor of nonselective cation currents. Depleting Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) in the bathing solution, the amplitudes of this outward current increased by 40%-116% at +60 mV, and adding 2 micromol/L insulin to the solution (with normal concentration of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) in Tyrode's solution), the amplitude increased by 30%-60% at +60 mV.

CONCLUSIONIt is suggested that a nonselective cation current in rabbit ventricular myocytes may play an important role in the repolarization of the action potential in rabbit ventricle. Changes of nonselective cation current will lead to induce or inhibit arrhythmia.

OBJECTIVETo determine whether there are differences in both the right hepatic vein (RHV) morphology and the size of the angle between the inferior vena cava and the RHV in patients with membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava (MOVC),in healthy individuals and in patients with cinhosis (HLC), in order to help guide development of an effective interventional treatment program.

METHODSConsecutive patients (n=248) were divided into the following three groups: group A (control; n=94), group B (MOVC patients; n=68), group C (HLC patients; n=86). The angle between the hepatic vein and inferior vena cava was measured and defined as the T value. The morphology of the RHV was classified as N, U, or I. The difference of the constituent ratio was compared among the three groups for the T value and the angle type.Measurement data was calculated as x ± s,and groups were compared using one-way ANOVA; count data was calculated as relative number, and groups were compared using the chi-square test.

RESULTSThe average T value of group B was significantly higher than that of group A (56.1 ± 13.7 vs. 49.3 ± 7.8, P=0.010) and of group C (vs. 51.5 ± 10.0, P < 0.001); the difference was statistically significant (F=8.750, P < 0.001), but there was no significant difference between the groups A and C.N-type proportion of B group was 48.5% (33/68), greater than that of group A(16.0%,15/94) and C (16.3%, 14/86), x² = 20.1, x² =18.6.U-type proportion of B group was 11.8% (8/68), smaller than that of groups A (28.7%,27/94) and C (37.2%, 32/86), 2 2 = 6.70, x² =12.8, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). For groups A and C, the N and U types were not significantly different.

CONCLUSIONThe angle between the RHV and the inferior vena cava in MOVC patients is morphologically different from that in healthy humans, with the angle value in MOVC patients being slightly larger. However, this difference is irrelevant to cirrhosis.

Objective To explore the effect of ox-LDL,MCP-1,CD68 on the survival of arteriovenous fistula in radial arteries of uremic patients.Methods Segments of radial arteries were obtained from 23 uremic subjects (29～68 years old) in the initial operation of arteriovenous fistula prior to hemodialysis.The deposit of ox-LDL and the expression of MCP-1,CD68 on the vascular wall were measured by immunohistochemistry.The survival time of arteriovenous fistula was followed by survival analysis.Results COX regression revealed that each of these risk factors,ox-LDL,MCP-1, CD68,played an important role in the survival time of arteriovenous fistula when they entered the model independently.The hazard ratios were 1.008 (P=0.008,95% CI:1.002064～1.014104), 1.007(P=0.O00,95%CI:1.003853～1.010966),and 1.098496 (P=0.000,95%CI:1.047909～1.151526)respectively.When all the three factors entered the COX regression model,the whole model was still founded.MCP-1 and CD68 still played important roles in the survival of arteriovenous fistula.The hazard ratios were 1.006(P=0.025) and 1.113(P=0.001) respectively.With the hazard ratio of 0.997,ox-LDL did not reach the statistic significance (P=0.414).Conclusions The more deposit of ox-LDL and the more expression of MCP-1,CD68 on the vascular wall,the more shortened survival time of arteriovenous fistula.Particularly,the inflammation is the independent risk factor for the prognosis of arteriovenous fistula in uremic patients.

Objective To explore the normal aerification of paranasal sinuses in Chinese children with magnetic resonance imaging. Methods Two hundred and eighty Chinese children aged from 17 days to 14 years without any symptoms related to sinusitis were statistically analyzed in MRI features, including counting the number of paranasal sinus pneumatization and the maximum axial and sagittal area of the left maxillary. Results The pneumatization rate of maxillary sinus was 85% in children aged from 0 to 1 years.Until 3 years the pneumatization rate of maxillary sinus was 95% and there was no significant difference in boys and girls( x2 = 0. 741, P = 0. 389 ). The pneumatization rate of maxillary sinus reached 100% after 4 years old. The pneumatization rate of ethmtoid sinus was 100% in this study. The pneumatization rate of sphenoid sinus was 0 within 1 year old, 49% within 4 years old and 100% after 7 years old. There was no significant difference in boys and girls on the pneumatization rate of sphenoid sinus ( x2 = 2. 452, P =0. 117 ). The pneumatization rate of frontal sinus was 0 within 5 years old, 62% within 9 years old and 95% after 10 years old. There was no significant difference in boys and girls on the pneumatization rate of frontal sinus(x2 =0. 124,P =0. 724). The axial and sagittal maximum area of maxillary sinus was (689. 28 ±221.79) and (659.76 ±263.31 )mm2 in girls and (668. 13 ±206.38) and (638.60 ±207.67) mm2 in boys. The differences were significant( t = - 19. 78 ,P ＜0. 001 ;t = - 19. 89 ,P ＜0. 001 ). Conclusion The study of the development and normal aerification of paranasal sinuses of children can help radiologist make correct diagnosis of paranasal sinuses in children.

Column chromatographies over silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, reverse phase C18, and MCI, and semi-preparative HPLC were used for separation and purification of constituents from Inula cappa. The 22 compounds were obtained and their strutures were determined by NMR and MS spectra data as nine flavonoids: luteolin (1), apigenin (2), chrysoeriol (3), artemetin (4), 2', 5-di- hydroxy-3, 6, 7, 4', 5'-pentamethoxyflavone (5), chrysosplenol C (6), apigenin-5-0-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), luteolin-3-methyl, luteolin-3-methylether-4'-0-β-D-glucopyranoside (8), luteolin-4'-0-β-D-glucopyranoside (9); four triterpenes: darma-20, 24-dien- 3β-0-acetate (10), darma-20, 24-dien-3β-ol (11), epirfiedelanol (12), friedelin (13); three coumarins: scopoletin (14) , isosco- poletin (15) , scopolin(16) , and other types of compounds stigmasta-5, 22-dien-3β-0-7-one (17), stigmasterol (18), palmitic acid (19), linoleic acid (20), linoleic acid methyl ester (21), (E) -9, 12, 13-trihydroxyoetadee-10-enoie acid (22). Compound 5 is a new natural product. Compounds 3-9, 15, 17, 21, and 22 were isolated from this genus for the first time.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Inula ; chemistry ; Molecular Structure ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization

Methanotrophs can catalyze hydroxylate of methane and some hydrocarbon. Which play an important role in mitigating global warming and have also potential significance for industrial applications or bioremediation. A high activity of hydroxylase, a crucial component in sMMO, from Methylosinus trichosporium IMV 3011 has been purified to homologues by using chromatographic techniques. The molecular weight of the hydroxylase determined by gel filtration is 201.3 kD, and SDS-PAGE showed that hydroxylase consists of three subunits(alpha beta gamma) with molecular weights of 58kD, 36kD and 23kD respectively, drawing a comparison both methods indicated that the hydroxylase is a homodimer with an (alpha beta gamma)2 configuration. Purified hydroxylase has a pI at 5.2 judged by thin layer isoelectric focusing. The purified hydroxylase contains 3.02 mol of iron per mol of protein. The stability pH for the hydroxylase in solution is 5.8-8.0 and the stability temperature is below 35 degrees C. The cells form show a long, bent, and rod-shaped with even surface observed by scanning electron microscopy.
Chemical Phenomena ; Enzyme Stability ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Iron ; metabolism ; Methylosinus trichosporium ; enzymology ; Microscopy, Electron ; Oxygenases ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet ; Temperature