Covered in the paper are concepts and contents of medical risk and emergency response technology.Based on a description of medical risk information management experiences in Japan,Sweden and the United States and the current studies of medical risk response information management,the paper proposed measures for China in medical risk information emergency technology.Recommendations made include establishing a comprehensive emergency medical risk information management system,scientific medical risk information collection,monitoring,assessment,early warning systems,as well as building an intelligent risk emergency information decision system and establishing medical risk communication channels,thereby preventing effectively the occurrence of medical risks.

AIM To investigate the effect of allicin on the regulation of VEGF mRNA expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. METHODS Hepatocellular carcinoma cells were treated with the concentration 10 ?g?L -1 allicin in culture medium,and then the relative VEGF mRNA level at 8 h in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells was evaluated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction using HPRT(hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase)as an internal control standard. RESULTS The expression of VEGF gene mRNA was inhibited obviously by allicin. Compared with control group, the relative expression level of VEGF gene mRNA was decreased by about 66 36%( P

Objective To describe the epidemiological characteristics of suicide death and self?harm/suicide in China from 2006 to 2016. Methods Data in this study are from the datasets of National Death Cause Surveillance from 2006 to 2016 and the National Injury Surveillance Dataset 2016. The age?standardized death rate based on the population census in 2000 was used to describe the trend of suicide over years. This study also described the epidemiological characteristics of suicide death and the demographic characteristics, suicide methods and severity of patients who sought medical help after committing suicide or self?inflicted injury in 2016. Results Age?standardized suicide mortality had been declining from 9.23/100 000 in 2006 to 5.33/100 000 in 2016 by 42.25%. Suicide mortality increased with age. In 2016, the suicide mortality in China was 7.05/100 000, and among people over 85 years old was 49.49/100 000. In 2016, the dominant two suicide methods were poisoning (39.12%) and sharp injury (25.62%). The first leading method of suicide in rural population, urban population and young people aged 10?to 17?year?old was poisoning (65.13%), sharp injury (29.90%) and fall (25.47%), respectively. As age increased, the severity of suicide/self?inflicted injury increased. The proportions of serious cases among young people aged 10?to 17?year?old and older people aged 60 years old and above who sought medical help after committing suicide or self?inflicted injury were 4.88% and 26.86%, respectively. Conclusion China's suicide mortality has been declining and special attention should be given to the suicide of old people.

Objective To describe the epidemiological characteristics of suicide death and self?harm/suicide in China from 2006 to 2016. Methods Data in this study are from the datasets of National Death Cause Surveillance from 2006 to 2016 and the National Injury Surveillance Dataset 2016. The age?standardized death rate based on the population census in 2000 was used to describe the trend of suicide over years. This study also described the epidemiological characteristics of suicide death and the demographic characteristics, suicide methods and severity of patients who sought medical help after committing suicide or self?inflicted injury in 2016. Results Age?standardized suicide mortality had been declining from 9.23/100 000 in 2006 to 5.33/100 000 in 2016 by 42.25%. Suicide mortality increased with age. In 2016, the suicide mortality in China was 7.05/100 000, and among people over 85 years old was 49.49/100 000. In 2016, the dominant two suicide methods were poisoning (39.12%) and sharp injury (25.62%). The first leading method of suicide in rural population, urban population and young people aged 10?to 17?year?old was poisoning (65.13%), sharp injury (29.90%) and fall (25.47%), respectively. As age increased, the severity of suicide/self?inflicted injury increased. The proportions of serious cases among young people aged 10?to 17?year?old and older people aged 60 years old and above who sought medical help after committing suicide or self?inflicted injury were 4.88% and 26.86%, respectively. Conclusion China's suicide mortality has been declining and special attention should be given to the suicide of old people.

This paper discusses the mechanism of cellobiose in fungal cellulase induction a nd repression, and its inhibition of cellulases hydrolytic activity. Depending on the research result of cellulose binding domain, our hypothesis is that the main function of Exo-1,4-?-glucanase is to destroy th e crystal structure of cellulose to facilitaty hydrolyzing of ?-1,4 glucosidic bonds. A new strategy for the efficient transformation of cellulose material is advanced at t he end.

Objective To assess the causes of sildenafil failure and the feasibility of successfully rechallenging non-responding patients. Methods A total of 126 consecutive erectile dysfunction (ED) patients from Jan 2009 to Dec 2009 who claimed poor response to sildenafil (sildenafil 100 mg on demand, at lease 4 epiodes) were enrolled into the study. All patients received sexual reeducation and were treated with sildenafil, taken on a daily dose of 50 mg for 4 weeks. The International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5), Rigiscan, serum testosterone or penile Doppler were used to evaluate ED and the cause of on-demand sildenafil failure. End point efficacy of rechallenging was evaluated using the IIEF-5 and the sexual encounter profile (SEP) 'Were you able to insert your penis into your partner's vagina?' and 'Did your erection last long enough to achieve successful intercourse?'. Results The recruited patients comprised of 41 cases with psychological ED, 39 cases with hypogonadism ED, 28 cases with diabetes mellitus ED and 18 cases with vascular ED. Compared with pretreatment and on-demand sildenafil baseline, daily administration of sildenafil significantly enhanced all efficacy outcome variables. The IIEF-5 was significantly improved after daily sildenafil (12.3 ± 2.9 vs18. 8±4.4, P＜0.01), 78 patients responded to daily sildenafil. The overall salvage rate was 61.9%(78/126). Conclusions Sexual reeducation and daily administration of sildenafil may be able to salvage many patients with ED who were sildenafil non-responders.

Objective To estabalish a new conception, Erectile Dysfunction-no sexual life (ED-NS), so as create an evaluating questionnaire, Self-estimation Index of erectile function-No sexual life (SIEF-NS) so as to investigate its clinical reliability. Methods The conception of ED-NS was identified and the SIEF-NS questionnaire was established. Patients who complained of ED-NS and normal controls were enrolled into the research and assessed the erectile function was assessed with SIEF-NS.The SIEF-NS includes 12 questions, such as sexual libido, general erectile function, nocturnal penile erection, erectile function during foreplay, erectile function during audio-video sexual stimulation,confidence, depression, etc and each question has 5 point scales. Results Sixty-one ED-NS patients and 57 controls were enrolled into the study and assessed erectile function with SIEF-NS. The mean score of each question and integral score of SIEF-NS in ED-NS patients were significantly different from normal controls (P＜0. 05). When the integral score was 35 points according to the ROC curve of integral score, the sensitivity of SIEF-NS was 88.5% and specificity was 96. 5%. Conclusions ED-NS is a new conception to define patients who have erectile dysfunction without sexual life. SIEFNS is suggested to be a useful method for the evaluation of ED-NS patients.

Objective To investigate the roles of sphingosine kinasel (SPK1) in apoptosis,invasiveness and multidrug resistance of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line BEL-FU.Methods BEL-FU cells were infected with adenovirus carrying SPK1wT gene and SPK1siRNA (Ad-H1-SPK1) gene.Their effects on biological characteristics of BEL-FU cells were evaluated by MTT,cellular SPK enzyme activity assay,Transwell Migration Technology and Western-blot,respectively.Results AdSPK1wT significantly increased SPK activity but SPK1siRNA(Ad-H1-SPK1) decreased SPK activity.Over expression of SPK1 suppressed the apoptosis induced by DMS(Dimethyl sphingosine,DMS) and enhanced migration of BEL-FU cells.The cells infected with SPK1 siRNA( Ad-H1-SPK1)significantly increased the apoptosis induced by DMS and inhibited the migration of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.The expression of multidrug resistance-related protein (MRP1) of cells infected with SPK1siRNA (Ad-H1-SPK1) was suppressed significantly compared with the control group,while the expression of MRP1 infected with Ad- SPK1wT was enhanced.Conclusion SPK1 activity is closely associated with apoptosis、migration and multidrug resistance of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells,therefore,it may serve as a new target for HCC treatment.

ObjectiveTo assess the cause of tadalafil failure and the feasibility of successfully rechallenging nonresponding patients.Methods A total of 80 consecutive erectile dysfunction ( ED ) patients who claimed poor response to tadalafil were enrolled into the study.A self-administered tadalafil-use questionnaire composed of eight questions was applied to assess how they had used tadalafil.Subjects were given thorough instruction based on individual answers and four doses of tadalafil 20mg.After a 2-week follow-up,end point efficacy of rechallenge was evaluated using the sexual encounter profile (SEP),which was recommended by international advisory panel in 2004.ResultsA total of 45 subjects had one or more areas of major suboptimal use of tadalafil:21.2％ did not know that sexual stimulation was necessary for tadalafil to work,87.5％ attempted to use tadalafil less than four times,57.5％ took a maximal dose less than 20 mg,and 84％ felt nervous or anxious.Of the 65 patients undergoing tadalafil rechallenge,30 patients answered “yes” to SEP2 and SEP3.The response rate to rechallenge was 46.2％ ( 30/65 ).ConclusionsInappropriate use of tadalafil was major cause of tadalafil non-pesponse.The efficacy of tadalafil could be improved to a better extent by education of patients.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of microvasoepididymostomy for the treatment of obstructive azoospermia. Methods Ninety-eight patients were confirmed as obstructive azoospermia by infertility investigations.The mean (range) age was 31 (20-43) years.The mean duration of obstruetion was 4 years.All patients were seen by the surgeon for a complete history and physical examination.Semen analyses proved azoopermia,serum levels of sexual hormone were normal and testicular function for production of sperms were normal certified by biopsy.All patients with suspected epididymal or vasal obstruction were offered scrotal exploration.The decision for microvasoepididymostomy was made during surgery,based on the pateney of the vas towards the abdomen documented by saline and sperm fragments containing in the epididymal fluid on intraoperative light-microscopic examination.Microvasoepididymostomy was performed in 58 patients documented epididymal obstruction The initial semen analysis was then done after usually 3 months postoperatively.Patency was arbitrarily defined as＞10 000 sperm/mL in ejaculate in at least one semen analysis after surgery.Postoperative patency rate and postoperative impregnation rate were followed. Results Fifty patients were followed up for 3-29 months,8 cases lost.Sperm was found by semen analysis in 36 patients.Sperm density was 4×104-2×108 sperms/ml and motility was 2%-70%.Semen analysis reveals azoospermia in 6 patients and the patients were counseled to undergo further testing to determine the ultimate outcome of the procedure.Natural conception occurred in 14 patients followed for more than 12 months.The overall pateney rate was 72%(36/50).Among patients with a follow-up of＞6 months,the natural paternity rate was 28%(14/50).The median time to achieve a natural pregnancy was 6.6 (4.0-10.0)months. Conclusion A more favourable patency can be achieved using microsurgical intussusception vasoepididymostomy and a part of patients with obstructive azoospermia can be cured by this means.