Objective To study the clinical characteristics and related factors of type 2 diabetes with different ankle brachial index (ABI).Methods Two hundred and sixty-two patients with type 2 diabetes in Tieying Hospital of Fengtai District of Beijing outpatient and inpatient from January 2012 to April 2015 were selected.General information,blood biochemical parameters and ABI of patients were tested and collected.The patients were classified into three groups according to the different ABI.A group was ABI＜0.9 with 40 cases,B group was ABI 0.9-1.3 with 191 cases,C group was ABI＞1.3 with 31 cases.The clinical characteristics of three groups were analyzed.Results The age of the patients in group B was younger than that in group A and C((62±15) years old vs.(72±10) years old vs.(71±9) years old,P=0.048).The duration of disease in group B was shorter than that in group A and C((6±6) years vs.(10±2) years vs.(11±3) years,P=0.037).The Blood uric acid of patient in group B were lower than those of patient in group A and C((320±111) μmol/L vs.(350±110) μmol/L vs.(338±109) μmol/L,P=0.039).The glycosylated hemoglobin levels of patient in group Bwere higher than those of patient in group A and C((9.5±1.8)％ vs.(7.2±2.3)％ vs.(8.8±2.0) ％,P=0.041).Compared with group A,the level of UA,HbA1c in group B were more higher(P＜0.05).The incidence rate of diabetic foot was 23％ (9/40) in group A,6％ (11/191) in group B,23％ (7/31) in group C,and the difference was significant(P=0.042).Compared with group A and C,the the incidence rate of diabetic foot in group B was the lower(P＜0.05).Correlation analysis showed that ABI was negatively correlated with age,course of disease,HbA1c(r=-0.65,-0.70,-0.79,-0.61,P＜0.05).Conclusion Different ABI of patients with type 2 diabetes have different clinical features.With increasing age,disease duration,glycosylated hemoglobin and blood uric acid level,it is likely to cause patients with abnormal ABI and increase the probability of occurrence of diabetic foot.

Objective To study the expression and clinical significance of serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in different stages of diabetic nephropathy patients.Methods Ninety-eight cases of diabetics were selected as our subjects in observation group,who were hospitalized in Tieying Hospital of Fengtai District of Beijing from January 2010 to December 2014.They were divided into diabetics group(36 cases,UAER ＜30 mg/24 h),microalbuminuria group(32 cases,UAER was 30-300 mg/24 h),massive proteinuria group (30cases,UAER＞300 mg/24 h).One hundred healthy persons were selected as a normal control group over the same period.The changes of fasting blood glucose,course of disease,blood lipid,serum creatinine and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in all groups were recorded.Results Fasting blood glucose,serum creatinine and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 were (8.97±2.3) mmol/L,(76.2±19.5) μmol/L,(28.9±13.6) μg/L in observation group,and (4.7±0.4) mmol/L,(63.1±12.0) μmol/L,(70.1±21.3) μg/L in control group respectively,the difference between the two group was statistically significant (P =0.031,0.046,0.028).Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was (52.68±20.91) μg/L in patients of diabetics group,(31.40±15.23) μg/L in microabuminuria group,(15.76±7.81) μg/L in massive proteinuria group,the difference among the three group was statistically significant (P =0.036).Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 of microabuminuria group and massive proteinuria group were lower than of diabetics group,of massive proteinuria group was lower than of microabuminuria group(P＜0.05).Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was negatively correlated with the cause of disease(r=-0.301),fasting blood glucose (r =-0.281) and serum creatinine (r =-0.536) in patients with type 2 diabetes,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in patients with diabetic nephropathy decrease in different degree,which reflects the severity of renal damage.The results indicate that reduction of serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 may be involved in the occurrence and development of diabetic nephropathy

Long-term potentiation(LTP)is a typical model of synaptic plasticity which has great relationship with learning and memory mechanisms:The induction of LTP depends on the activation of the calcium channels and LTPs generated by calcium ions influx through different channels play different roles in memory.This paper reviews the progress of the research on LTPs induced by activations of N-methyl-D-aspanate receptor(NMDAR)channels and voltage-dependent calcium channels(VDCC).Finally,it gives an example of new forms of low frequency stimulation for induction of LTP.

Medical image registration plays an important role in the research of medical image processing field. It is widely used in the areas of clinical diagnoses, treatment, quality assurance and evaluation of curative effect. This paper gives an overview on three medical image registration methods Correlation method, mutual information method, and wavelet transform method. Features of these method and their applications are reviewed.

With the development of brain research, study of neural coding has attracted more attention. Neural coding by informatics entropy is a very important aspect in the research field. This paper presents an overview of typical entropy coding methods of neuronal spike train including binary string method, direct method, asymptotically unbiased estimator method, inter-spike interval and mutual information method. Related principles and application are reviwed.

Objective To investigate the microcirculative route of the arterialized venous flap.Methods Selecting 15 Chinese white rabbits designed the model of arterialized venous flap by anastomosis with from the central artery to central vein.The reversed blood flow perfusion was directly observed by the "ear windows" under the microscope and,simultaneous recording the changes in the microcirculation of the flap.Results All of the flaps were alived.The structure of the capillary net in the flap was a stereo-net .In the early arterialized stage,the upstream blood flows quickly in the venule;there was no blood flowing in the capillary net with the opening of the capillary net,the reconstructed procedure of the non-physilogical microcirculation was accomplished:the arterial blood mainly flow through small vein and venule,finally arrived the capillary net.Conclusions Keep up the drainage vein free,the arterialized venousflap could be alived by reconstructed effective microcirculation through the venous system.

Objective: To correct the set-up error of patients during radiotherapy is very important for increasing treatment effective. Methods: This paper proposes a registration method based on portal images and reference images. Canny Operator was used to extract edge features. The extracted edge features were set as datum mark to calculate the maximal mutual information between the portal images and reference images. Parameters were optimized with simplex-simulated annealing optimization strategy. Results: The portal images and reference images of 29 patients with the cervix cancer and prostatic carcinoma were registrated in this paper. The results showed that the registration was precise, and the registration speed was increased remarkably. Conclusion: So this registration method can be applied for online estimation for set-up errors in clinical radiation.

Cranial irradiation is routinely used for the treatment of almost all brain tumors,but it may cause disastrous injury in brain,especially in the hippocampus that has cognitional and emotional regulation functions.Several studies have investigated the mechanisms of radiation-induced hippocampal dysfunctions such as hippocampal neurogenesis,neurotrophin and neuroinflammation,and provided effective prevention strategies such as exercise,environmental enrichment,anti-inflammatory and intrahippocampal transplantation of neural stem cells.This review discussed the curent progresses and challenges of hippocampal dysfunction induced by cranial irradiation and provided new insights for preclinical and clinical researches.

Objective To explore the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on hippocampus metabolic changes in rats with temporal lobe epilepsy. Methods A chronic temporal lobe epilepsy model was established by use of lithium-pilocarpine in rats. The hippocampus metabolism of the rats were detected by 1H-MRS method before and after the rTMS and compared with that of the normal controls. Relative ratios of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), glutamate (Glu) and ?-aminobutyric acid (GABA) over creatine (Cr) were calculated. Results Compared with normal control rats, NAA/Cr and GABA/Cr ratios decreased significantly and Cho/Cr ratios increased significantly in hippocampus of the rats with temporal lobe epilepsy. After rTMS NAA/Cr and GABA/Cr ratios increased significantly and Cho/Cr ratios decreased significantly in hippocampus of rats with temporal lobe epilepsy. However, rTMS did not significantly affect the Glu/Cr ratio in hippocampus of the rats with temporal lobe epilepsy. Conclusion rTMS could improve the hippocampus metabolism and exert a neuroprotective effect against brain damage induced by epilepsy.

Objective The ability of working memory (WM) is to temporarily hold and manipulate information for cognitive tasks.The aim of this study was to investigate the causal flow distribution of multi-channel electroencephalographs (EEGs) during Sternberg visual WM task to help understand WM mechanism from the view of neural information transform.Methods Sixteen-channel EEGs were recorded from 8 healthy subjects during Sternberg task,total EEG data for 80 trials were recorded and preprocessed.The EEG powers for each channel were calculated via Fast Fourier transform (FFT).The feature channel was extracted based on the maximum power,and the feature frequency band for WM was determined by time-frequency analysis.The directed transfer function (DTF) and the value of causal flow in EEG feature frequency band were calculated.Results The EEG power focused on θ band (4-8 Hz) and at Fz channel.The maximum value of causal flow was located at Fz,and the first 4 maximum negative values of causal flow were at C3,C4,C5,C6.Conclusions The feature frequency band for WM is the θ band.The causal source (responsible region) is at Fz (frontal region) and the causal sinks are at C3,C4,C5,C6.