OBJECTIVE:To explore the reason for the "tragedy of anti-commons" in biomedical patent and its effect on the development of biomedical industry.METHODS:The mathematical models of "commons" and "anti-commons" gambling were established based on the analysis on emergence of "patent bush" resulted from the abuse of biomedical patents,and the profit conflict of the patents power related to elementary researcher and applicant researcher was analyzed.RESULTS:The potential "tragedy of anti-commons" affects the enthusiasm of the biomedical researchers,hinders the rapid development of biomedical industry and the improvement of technological level.CONCLUSIONS:The corresponding measures should be taken from aspects such as system,research model,and patent applicant model to balance the possessiveness and exclusiveness,avoid the "tragedy of anti-commons" and facilitate the development of biomedical industry.

Objective To explore the development of nitrergic neurons in the tongue of human fetus. Methods Using histochemical method of NADPH\|diaphorase, the differentiation, migration and development of the nitrergic neurons in the tongue of human fetus were studied. Results At the fourth month of the gestation, the round cells of epithelial tissue in tongue differentiated into fusiform nitrergic nerve cells, which moved from the epithelial tissue to subepithelial and muscular tissue. The bodies of nitrergic neurons were small, the positive reaction of nitric oxide synthase(NOS) was weak. The development of the process of nitrergic neurons might be divided into two phases:The first phase, the growth and development phase, occured from the fourth to the seventh month, the somatic size enlarged gradually, the numbers increased, the positive reaction of NOS increased gradually and reached its peak at the seventh month. The morphology of neurons was characterized by the development from the fusiform form to the tadpole form and then a diversity of shape. The second phase, the maturation phase, denoted the eighth to tenth month, the bodies of nitrergic neurons were obviously enlarged, the staining intensity of NOS was increased. The nitrergic neurons were scattered in the subepithelial layer and muscular tissue and the typical ganglionic cells were observed. Conclusion Nitrergic neurons of tongue originate from its epithelial tissue at the time of early fetal development. By the differentiation, migration, multiplication, growth and maturation, mature nitrergic neurons are formed. [

Allergens ; immunology ; Child ; Cross Reactions ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; immunology ; Latex Hypersensitivity ; immunology

AIM: To investigate the clinical effects of phacoemulsification and surgical techeniques in small pupil cataract after filtering operation of glaucoma.
METHODS: Thirty-six cases ( 36 eyes ) of small pupil cataract after filtering operation of glaucoma were underwent phacoemulsification combined with foldable intraocular lens implantation. Postoperative visual acuity, intraocular pressure filtration bleb and complications were observed. The follow-up time was 3mo.
RESULTS: The preoperative uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) or best-corrected visual acuity ( BCVA) ≤0. 3 were in all patients. Postoperativerly, the UCVA or BCVA≥0. 3 after 1wk and 3mo were achieved in 23 eyes (63.89%) and 34 eyes (94. 44%). BCVA was <0. 3 in 2 eyes ( 5. 56%) including optic nerve atrophy of one eye and diabetic retinopathy of one eye. All patients were kept the level of normal intraocular pressure and completed filtering bleb, there were no serious complications.
CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsification in small pupil cataract after filtering operation of glaucoma was complex, and reasonable application of operation skills can still achieve better clinical results. The main factor of affecting the visual acuity is pre-existing retinal optic neuropathy.

Objective To evaluate the efficiency and safety of amiodarone in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated ventricular tachyarrhythmia (CVT). Methods 106 CVT patients of AMI with stable haemodynamics was randomized into trial group (53 cases) and control group (3 cases). Based on routine therapy, the trial group was intravenously given amiodarone. Electrical cardioversion is necessary if the haemodynamics turns to unstable. Intravenous amiodarone will be used for at least 24 hours to maintain sinus rhythm. The control group was administrated intravenous lidocainein. If the patients made no response to lidocainein, given amiodarone as substitute. Electrical cardioversion is necessary when the haemodynamics turns to unstable and lidocainein was followed for at least 24 hours after successful cardioversion to maintain sinus rhythm. The therapeutic effects, cardiac function and the changes of arrhythmia were compared between the two groups. Results The incidence of angina pectoris, consumption of nitrates were decreased in trial group when compared with that in control group, whereas the ejection fraction, left ventricle fast filling interval and the mitral valve peak velocity of blood flow during left atrium contraction(E/A) all were higher than that in control group (all P<0.01). The total effective rate in trial group was higher than that in control group (75.5% vs 62.3%, P<0.01), especially the ventricular tachycardia control rate is significantly higher than control group (86.7% vs 50.0%,P<0.01). Conclusion Intravenous injection of amiodarone efficaciously control the complicated ventricular tachy-arrhythmia in patients with acute myocardial infarction as well as to improve the cardiac function.

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy and safety between transurethral plasma kinetic enucleation of prostate(TUPKEP) and transurethral resection of prostate(TURP) on benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH). Methods One hundred and forty two BPH patients were divided into two groups:TUPKEP group (72 cases) and TURP group (70 cases). Seventy two cases aged 52-90 years[mean age (70. 5±7.6) years] with prostate weight of 27-126 g [mean weight (75. 6±10. 3)g] underwent TUPKEP, and seventy cases aged 51-87 years[mean age (70. 2±6. 8) years] with prostate weight of 25-118 g[mean weight (73.8±9.9)g] underwent TURP. There were no significant differences in age, weight of the prostate, international prostate symptom score(IPSS), residual urine volume(RUV) ,maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) and quality of life (QOL) scores between the two groups before operation (t=0. 2873, 1.0612, 1. 0832,0. 9522,0. 0000, 1. 0774;P=0. 7743,0. 2904, 0. 2806,0. 3426,1. 0000,0. 2832). The operative time, intraoperative blood loss, the preserved time of installing catheter, hospitalization time, postoperative morbidity rate and efficacy were compared between the two groups. Results The operation success rates were 100. 0% (72/72) in TUPKEP group and 98.6% (69/70) in TURP group. The average operation time were (46.2±6.4)min and (58. 4±9. 6)min (t±8. 9404, P=0.0000), and the mean intraoperative blood loss were (105.9± 12.2)ml and (148.6±14.3) ml(t=19. 1608, P=0.0000) in TUPKEP and TURP groups respectively. The mean preserved time of installing catheter were (3. 5±1.0)d and (5.0±1.0)d(t= 8. 9364, P=0. 0000), and the average hospitalization time were (5.1±1.9) d and (7.0±2.6) d (t= 4. 9819,P=0.0000)in the two groups, respectively. In TUPKEP group, there was one case of temporary urinary incontinence, two cases of secondary prostate hemorrhage and one case of external orifice stricture of urethra, with a complication rate of 5.56%. In TURP group, there were two cases of transurethral resection syndrome (TURS), one case of urinary extravasation, two cases of temporary urinary incontinence, three cases of secondary prostate hemorrhage and two cases of external orifice stricture of urethra, with a complication rate of 14.29% . Compared with preoperation, Qmax was obviously increased and IPSS,RUV, QOL scores were decreased after follow- up for 3 months, but there were no significant differences in these parameters between the two conditions(t=1. 1131,0. 2543,1. 2959,0. 7252;P=0. 2676,0. 7996,0. 1971,0. 4696). Canclusions TUPKEP and TURP have similar efficacy in the treatment of BPH, but TUPKEP is a method with shorter operation time, less blood loss, lower postoperative complication rate and more safety than TURP.

Objective To investigate the immune disorder in elderly patients with severe ischemic stroke and to explore whether a new type of diabetes-specific enteral nutrition formula can regulate the immune function of these patients.Methods In the randomized controlled prospective study,90 patients aged 60-80 years with acute ischemic stroke and NIHSS score more than 10 and dysphagia were randomized to two groups:receiving a new type(Group A) of,versus traditional(Group B) diabetes-specific enteral nutrition.30 Patients aged 60-80 years with acute ischemic stroke and NIHSS score ≥10 without dysphagia were enrolled as control(Group C).The immune function was observed,and the nutritional status and immunological function were compared between two different enteral nutrition groups at 7 days of treatment.Results After 7 day follow-up,the serum lipid stats significantly ameliorated in group A.An obvious suppression of immune state was observed in severe acute ischemic patients at onset of 7 days.At day 7 of treatment,the percentage of CD3+ T cells in group A was(69.25±9.93)％ after treatment vs.(63.36±7.79)％ at baseline(P＜0.001),and CD3 +CD4+T cells was(45.79±9.47)％ after treatment vs.(36.12±9.15)％ at baseline(P＜0.001),as well as CD4+/CD8+ cells were(2.27±1.40)％ after treatment vs.(1.70±0.82)％ at baseline(P=0.001).At 7 days of treatment,the percentage of CD3+ T cells was higher in group A (69.25 ±9.93) ％ than in group B(63.07± 9.47) ％ (P＜0.001),and the percentage of CD3 + CD4 cells was higher in group A(45.79 ± 9.47) ％ than in group B(41.32 ± 8.89) ％ (P=0.024).Conclusions Enteral nutrition preparations can provide sufficient energy support in the acute ischemic stroke.Immunosuppressive state exists in patients with acute phase of severe ischemic stroke.The new type of diabetic enteral nutrition formula can significantly improve immunosuppressive state in patients with acute severe stroke.

Five fractions,Ⅰ(R_f0.06)、Ⅱ(R_f0.21)、Ⅲ(R_f0.45)、Ⅳ(R_f0.60)、Ⅴ(R_f0.75)have been obtained after HT-toxin from race 1 of Exserohilum turcicum 99-2 isolated by TLC. In all of these fractions,only fractions Ⅱ had specific toxicity to the corn leaves with Ht1 gene. Then fractions Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3 were isolated from fractions Ⅱ by HPLC purification,and the bioassay result showed only fraction Ⅱ-3 was toxigentic to corn leaves with Ht1 gene but non-toxigentic to corn leaves without Ht1 gene. Fractions Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2 and Ⅱ-3 were scanned by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. It was shown that the fractions Ⅱ-1 and Ⅱ-2 had analogous spectrum,and especially the fraction Ⅱ-3 had a special peak at 300nm.

Formate dehydrogenase(FDH)coding gene was amplified from genomic DNA of Pichia pastoris by polymerase chain reaction, and the codon TAG(bases 649-651)was mutated to GAG using site-directed mutagenesis.The recombinant plasmid pET-FDH was con- structed by inserting the mutated DNA fragment into expression vector pET-22b(+),and transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3).FDH was expressed as a form of soluble prutein fused with 6?His tag at high level through IPTG induction.The amount of FDH was up to about 30% of the total cell protein.The cells-free crude extract was purified by one affinity chromatographic step,and resulting enzyme preparation revealed a specific activity of 6.45 U/mg.