Conventional neuroimaging methods primarily focus on functional localization, through which specific cognitive functions are localized to specific brain regions. However, fully understanding the human brain function requires characterization of functional integration within and among the functionally specialized regions in addition to functional localization. Functional connectivity and effective connectivity analyses have been developed to investigate functional integration in human brain. Several approaches for modeling functional connectivity and effective connectivity, including the time-series correlation, psychophysiological interaction (PPI), structural equation modeling (SEM), dynamic casual modeling (DCM), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) are reviewed. The applications of functional connectivity analysis to the studies of object representation, motor coordinate, language, and autism are demonstrated. Functional connectivity study will highly enrich our knowledge about the dynamic integration in the human brain.

Acute Disease ; Adult ; Aged ; Asthma ; chemically induced ; Chlorine ; poisoning ; Humans ; Male

Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Lead Poisoning ; complications ; Occupational Diseases ; chemically induced ; Optic Nerve Diseases ; chemically induced

Animals ; Blood Cell Count ; Blood Cells ; Decompression Sickness ; blood ; Male ; Rabbits

Child ; Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; diagnosis

Objective: To break the seed dormancy and improve the germination rate of the Nirtaria sibirica seeds. Methods: N. sibirica seeds were treated with soaking in warm water, storing with moisture sand, and immersing seed in H2SO4 (98%) and gibberellic acid (GA), then the germination rate, germination vigor, and germination peak period of the seeds were determined. Results: The germination rate and germination vigor were 30% and 10% under soaking in warm water. The seeds began to germinate on the day 7 and reached the germination peak on the day 10.The germination rate and germination vigor were 55.5% and 26.5% under storing with moisture sand for 37 d. The seeds began to germinate on the day 2 and reached the germination peak on the day 10.The germination rate and germination vigor were 86.8% and 60.3% under storing with moisture sand for 95 d. The seeds began to germinate on the day 2 and reached the germination peak on the day 7.The germination rate and germination vigor were both 90.0% under being treated with 98% H2SO4 for 2 h. The seeds began to germinate on the day 1 and reached the germination peak on the day 4.Seeds after being treated with 98% H2SO4 for 2 h were sowed on the dark medium of MS + 0.5 g/mL BA + 0.5 g/mL GA, and the germination rate and germination vigor both reached to 98.1%. The seeds began to germinate on the day 1 and reached the germination peak on the day 4. Conclusion: The dormancy of N. sibirica seeds is caused by hard seed vessels. The best way of breaking the seed dormancy is first treated with 98% H2SO4 for 2 h and then cultured in the dark medium of MS + 0.5 g/mL BA + 0.5 g/mL GA, which could effectively break the dormancy of hard seeds and reach a high germination rate.

Objective To establish a HPLC method for the content determination of Chlorogenic acid and Hyperoside in the leaves of acanthopanax senticosus from different areas.Methods The samples were separated on Hedera? ODS-2 C18 column,using acetonitrile-0.4% phosphoric acid(17∶83) as mobile phase,the detection wavelength was 360 nm.Result Chlorogenic acid and Hyperoside showed good linear relationship over the ranges of 10.2～306 ?g/mL(r =0.999 5) and 10.4～312 ?g/mL(r =0.999 8),respectively.The average recoveries were 97.14% and 98.21% with RSD at 1.65% and 1.09%,respectively.The contents of Chlorogenic acid and Hyperoside were different obviously in samples from different areas.Conclusion This method is simple,rapid and sensitive,and it can be used for the further development and the quality control of the leaves of acanthopanax senticosus.

Objective To investigate the changes of interleukin-17A(IL-17A)and interleukin-22(IL-22)in the lung of cigarette smoke exposed mice and the effect of smoking cessation and N -acetylcysteine (NAC )treatment . Methods BALB /c mice in experimental groups were exposed to cigarette smoke.Then the smoke-exposure was stopped and mice were treated with NAC gavage.The mice were executed 1,2,and 3 months after smoking cessa-tion.Lung tissue sample and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)were collected.HE staining was used to observe the pathologic changes of the lung and ELISA was used to measure the level of IL-17A and IL-22.Results Con-siderable emphysematous changes was found in the lung of mice exposed to cigarette smoke.Compared with the controls,the level of IL-17A and IL-22 elevated remarkably in pulmonary tissue and BALF after smoking exposure and declined gradually after smoking cessation.Additional NAC gavage treatment enhanced the decline tendency. Conclusion IL-17A and IL-22 might play a complex role in the chronic inflammatory changes of lung in mice ex-posed to cigarette smoke.

0.05).Conclusion Retropubic DVC control before laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is beneficial for both the surgical procedure and postoperative recovery of physiological functions,owing to minimal blood loss,clear surgical field,and less injury to the urinary continence system.

Adult ; Altitude ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Janus Kinase 2 ; genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Polycythemia ; diagnosis ; ethnology ; genetics