Standardization of Forensic Sciences is a worldwide judicial topic, with the implementation of judicial reform and the government’s intention on the standardization work, China,the golden age of the establishment of forensic identiifcation standards will becoming. However, the current standards of forensic identiifcation are less in quantity;uneven quality;slow updating; lack of scientiifcity in making standards procession and other issues, leading to the derailment of Forensic work and practice, many projects identiifed lack of identiifed standards. To this end, the authors suggested that a correct understanding of the legal status of forensic identiifcation standards and the presence of errors, committing to build forensic identiifcation standardization.

?Color vision has been an important part of the human visual function.It is determined by the phytochrome of cone.In many clinical cases of ocular fundus diseases, patients had color vision loss, which shows that color visions tests is necessary and meaningful.At present, doctors have not paid attention to it and adopt the tests rarely. The article summarizes the tests of color in common use and applications on the diagnosis and treatment for common ocular fundus diseases to be a theory basis.

Objective To know the nursing scientific research status in recent years,and to reveal the differences between Chinese nursing scientific researches and foreign nursing scientific researches,in order to promote the rapid development of nursing cause in China.Methods Five Chinese journals of nursing and four foreign nursing journals were analyzed covered China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI),PubMed and Google data ranged from 2008 to 2013.By adopting bibliometrics method,regional distribution,the number of people participation,the cooperation between units,the source of financial funding,research content and nature of Chinese nursing research papers were analyzed,and also compared to research content and nature of foreign nursing journals.Results The amounts of published papers were 1 527 pieces.The geographical distribution of research papers were all spread over 28 provinces,autonomous regions sand municipalities directly under the central government,most of which was Guangdong province [12.64％ (193/1 527)];The majority of research papers were completed by single unit and more than five people,which about [68.4％(1 045/1 527)],[38.6％(589/1 527)],respectively;Provincial level of research papers were more than national level [81.4％(1 243/1 527) vs.18.6％(284/1 527)];The papers focused on the clinical nursing research [37.8％(577/1 527)] and clinical basic nursing research [34.6％(529/1 527)].Almost researches were descriptive research,while 40.7％(622/1527) of which were clinical analysis.Foreign nursing scientific researches paid more attention to psychological research and nursing profession which were related to humanities and investigation was major method used;Compared with the foreign nursing papers at the same time,the number of Chinese nursing research papers increased rapidly (P ＜ 0.05);Papers were completed more than five units rapidly increased compared with the pre-upgrade,as well as the national subjects,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The number of nursing research programs tended to increase year by year and the enthusiasm of nurses participating in scientific research was higher than before.Different units needed to further strengthen cooperation in scientific research.The research content and direction were diversity,which had not yet formed central tendency.The research method was still limited to descriptive studies,and the creativity of the research methods was needed,especially laboratory research.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of modification and care improvement in endotracheal tubes (ETTs) to prevent ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients receiving mechanical ventilation (MV).Methods PubMed,China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched,literature information was extracted and classified according to the inclusion criteria,the data were statistically analyzed.Results Totally 46 clinical research articles and 6 laboratory research articles were involved,the data showed that polyurethane (PU) cuff [23.809％ (35/147)],silver-coated ETTs [4.830％ (37/766)],subglottic drainage duct [19.492％ (759/3 894)],discontinuous subglottic drainage[13.603％ (256/1 882)] were associated with a decreased incidence of VAP compared with polyvinyl (PVC) cuff [40.179％ (45/112)],non-silver-coated ETTs [7.537％ (56/743)],conventional ETTs[45.733％ (1 088/2 379)],continuous subglottic drainage [25.000％ (503/2 012)],the differences in the incidence of VAP were statistically significant,respectively,P＜ 0.05.The incidence of VAP in cylindrical PU cuff was 25.000％ (8/32),the tapered PU cuff was 21.875％ (7/32),the difference in the incidence of VAP was not statistically significant.Conclusions The modification of the ETTs and the care improvement can effectively reduce the incidence of VAP.

Objective:The purpose of this paper is to illustrate different diseases that cause this crazy-paving pattern and to correlate the thin-section CT findings with the histopathological findings. Methods: A retrospective review of the medical records of our radiological computed tomography database was performed from January 2010 until December 2012,searching for patients reported to have a crazy-paving pattern on a thin-section CT of the chest. In total, 83 patients with a crazy-paving pattern were retained and reviewed. Results:The crazy-paving pattern consists of interlobular septal and intralobular interstitial thickening superimposed on an area of ground-glass attenuation on thin-section CT scans. We identified 83 cases that presented with the crazy-paving pattern, inclould infection(bacterial infection n=6,viral infection n=16,fungal infection n=1,and mixed infection n=12); ARDS n=4; acute pulmonary oedema n=3; interstitial lung disease (UIP, NSIP) n=18; adenocarcinomas n=3; lymphangitis carcinomatosis n=3;lymphoma pulmonary infiltration n=2;radiation pneumonitis n=5;sarcoidosis n=1;alveolar proteinosis n=4;alveolar hemorrhage n=4; lipid pneumonia n=1. Conclusion: The crazy-paving pattern on thin-section CT is a non-specific signs, can be seen in infections, tumor, as well as some cryptogenetic diseases. Nevertheless, familiar with these common diseases, allows us to narrow the differential diagnosis, even prompted the diagnosis of certain diseases in the appropriate clinical setting.

Along with the application and development of the assisted reproductive technology in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer,the emergence of frozen embryos in the law,medicine,and ethics area are gradually increased.Two-child policy makes more older couples choose assisted reproductive technology,which will cause more disputes about frozen embryos.There is no unified conclusion of the legal status of human embryos,and there exists three main views of embryos namely property,person and intermediate state.Defined the legal status of frozen embryos as ethical substance,this paper analyzed the main position and possible legal and ethical issues involved in the disposal of frozen embryos through three typical cases.

Objective To compare the efficacy of antibiotic lock technique (ALT)and systemic medication on the treatment of central venous catheter-related infection(CRI).Methods Catheters which had been formed bacterial biofilm in vitro were implanted into the central venous of rabbits,and rabbits were randomly divided into two groups,catheter group received the injection of mixture of antibiotics and heparin,systemic group received intra-muscular injection of antibiotics and intraductal injection of heparin solution.Medicine was given continuously for 10 days,catheter blood and peripheral venous blood were taken every day before replacing the medicine,bacterial colo-ny counts were detected.All rabbits stopped using antibiotics on day 11,then removed catheters after a 5-day ob-servation of catheterization.Before extubation,the catheter blood and peripheral blood were collected to perform bacterial colony counting and antimicrobial susceptibility testing,and removed catheters were performed catheter tip bacterial culture and observation of biofilm.Results During the medication period,the average bacterial counts of catheter blood in catheter group at different time were all lower than systemic group,difference was statistically sig-nificant(all P < 0.05);from the 4th day,the catheter group gradually appeared positive specimens of peripheral blood culture(a total of 6 cases),and systemic group appeared positive specimens on the second day(a total of 31 ca-ses).During medicine withdrawal period,bacterial counts of catheter blood in two groups on the day of extubation were both higher than those on the day of medicine withdrawal,differences were both statistically significant(both P<0.05).On the day of medicine withdrawl,2 cases in catheter group and 8 cases in systemic group were isolated bacteria from peripheral blood;there was no new positive specimens in catheter group on the day of extubation,but there was 1 new positive specimen in systemic group.Catheter tip bacterial count in systemic group was higher than catheter group ([8.02±0.05]log10 CFU/mL vs [3.12±0.14]log10 CFU/mL,t =26.82,P <0.05).33.33% of specimens in catheter group could be observed scattered biofilm,while all specimens of systemtic group were cov-ered by biofilm.Bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of catheter blood and peripheral blood be-fore extubation revealed that diameter of the zone of inhibition in catheter group ranged 19-20 mm,in systemic group ranged 15 - 16 mm,bacteria from two groups were all sensitive to commonly used antimicrobial agents. Conclusion In the treatment of central venous CRI,the effect of ALT on local clearance of bacteria is better than that of systemic administration,and it can significantly reduce systemic infection.However,if bacterial biofilm in the catheter is not completely cleared,infection can still relapse after medicine withdrawal.Therefore,accurate dos-age and medication time is worthy of further quantitative study.

Objective:To analyse the relationship of ultrastructural changes of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and glomerular distributions of laminin α1 and laminin α5 in patients with Alport' s syndrome. Methods: Twenty patients with Alport' s syndrome were recruited. The thickness of GBM and the extension of thickening and splitting GBM were measured under transmission electron microscope. Normal renal tissues from 6 nephrectomies of renal carcinoma were taken as controls. Paraffin embedded sections of formalin-fixed renal tissue were processed for immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies to laminin α1 and laminin α5. Their distributions in GBM were evaluated by a semiquantitative scale of positive extension; absent, 0≤25% , 1; 25%-50% , 2; 50%-75% , 3;≥75% , 4. Results: There were a variety of degrees of thickening or splitting GBM in patients with Alport' s syndrome. Laminin al was positive in glomerular mesangial area and absolutely negative in GBM and laminin α5 was evenly positive in GBM in normal tissue. In Alport' s syndrome, laminin α1 was much weaker in glomerular mesangial area, but strongly positive in GBM; laminin α5 in GBM was prominently reduced. There was a high negative correlation of semiquantitative scores between laminin al and laminin α5 (r =-0. 83, P＜0. 001). The extension of thickening or splitting GBM was positively correlated with scores of laminin al in GBM ( r = 0. 76, P＜0.001; r = 0. 56, P=0. 015 ) , and was negatively correlated with scores of laminin α5 in GBM ( r =-0. 59, P =0. 010; r=-0. 53, P =0.025). Conclusion: Abnormal distribution of laminin al and laminin α5 in GBM is correlated with GBM thickening and splitting in human Alport' s syndrome.

This study is to analyze and identify the water soluble components of water buffalo horn (Bubali Cornu, WBH), and also establish a method for investigating these components. Shotgun proteomic analysis identified proteins in WBH aqueous extraction: keratin, collagen, desmoglein, etc. Ultrafiltration and LC-MS/MS were used to separate and identify the peptides in WBH aqueous extract, as a result, identified peptides were mainly derived from nonspecific degradation products of keratin and collagen, which including C-terminal peptides and non C-terminal peptides. Hypoxanthine, uridine, guanosine, and adenosine were identified by comparing with the standards. The strategy in present study could be used in analyzing water soluble components of animal horn derived TCM. It provides a reference for investigation of the material basis of animal horn derived TCM.
Animals ; Buffaloes ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Guanosine ; Horns ; chemistry ; Hypoxanthine ; Mass Spectrometry ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Peptides ; Proteomics ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Uridine

OBJECTIVETo develop an RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of 5 constituents in Fructus Cnidii.

METHODAnalysis was performed on an Alltech C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) column. The mobile phases were acetonitrile water and acetic acid with gradient elution. The flow rate was 1 mL x min(-1). The monitoring wavelength was 325 nm and 245 nm. The column temperature was 40 degrees C.

RESULTThe linear response ranges were 1-20 microg x mL(-1) (r = 0.999 9) for xanthotoxin, 1-20 microg x mL(-1) (r = 0.999 9) for isopimpinellin, 11-20 microg x mL(-1) (r = 0.999 8) for bergapten, 100-1 200 microg x mL(-1) (r = 0.999 7) for imperatorin, 100-2 000 microg x mL(-1) (r = 0.999 9) for osthole. The average recoveries were all above 95%.

CONCLUSIONThe method is simple, sensitive and accurate with good reproducibility.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Cnidium ; chemistry ; Coumarins ; analysis ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Furocoumarins ; analysis ; Methoxsalen ; analogs & derivatives ; analysis ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Reproducibility of Results