Anatomy and histology embryology are the major courses in basic medical sci-ence. According to the evaluated target,practice and reforms of constructing the quality course have been taken positively by intensifying teaching group,optimizing teaching content,innovating teaching methods,constructing laboratory,and strengthening teaching administration etc. As a con-sequence,satisfying result has been achieved.

Objective To explore the mechanism underlying the rapid shortening of outflow tract and the formation of the right ventricle of the embryonic mouse heart .Methods Serial sections of embryonic mouse hearts from embryonic day 9 (E9) to E12(3 to 5 embryos for each stage)were stained with antibodies against α-sarcomeric actin (SCA), α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), GATA-4, myosin heavy chain (MHC), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) or active caspase-3 (CAS-3).Results At E11, the aortic sac and the distal border of cardiac outflow tract had regressed towards the ventricle into the pericardial cavity , while GATA-4、SCA and SMA staining showed that precursors from the second heart field were differentiating into cardiomyocytes adding to the arterial pole of the heart to lengthen the outflow tract .The length of outflow tract rapidly shortened at E12.Before and during its shortening , no CAS-3 positive cell was detected in the entire outflow tract.During E10-12, the cardiomyocytes in the right ventricle and proximal outflow tract wall proliferated inward to form trabeculae, with some trabeculae extending into the ridges .Proximal extremities of the outflow tract ridges were gradually myocardialized remodeling into the trabeullar right ventricle wall .At E12, scattered SCA and SMA staining cells and SCA and SMA weak positive mesenchymal cell clusters , which were continuous with the outflow tract myocardium were detected in the mesenchymal proximal outflow tract ridges .These results suggested that the proximal outflow tract was remodeled into the right ventricle by trabecularization , during which mesenchymal ridges were trabecularlly myocardialized . Conclusion Ventricularization of the proximal outflow tract contributes to the trabecular right ventricle and resultes in the vapid shortening of outflow tract in the mouse embryonic heart .Cardiomyocyte appoptosis and transdifferentiation are found to play a more limited contribution during this process .

Objective To evaluate the treatment results of the patients with nasopharyngeal mucoe-pidermoid carcinoma (MEC), and explore an appropriate treatment method. Methods Eleven patients with pathologically confirmed nasopharyngeal MEC were included in this study. The number of patients with pathologically well-, medium-and poorly-differentiated tumor were 1, 2 and 7, respectively. Radiotherapy (RT) alone and surgery (S) alone were given to 1 patient each. Combined modality treatment was RT + S in 6 patients and S + RT in 3 patients. Results After a median follow-up of 41.5 months (range, 8 to 153 months), one patient died of heart disease and one was lost follow-up. The remaining 9 patients were alive, including 6 with disease-free and 3 with residual tumors. None of them had cervical lymphatic spread or dis-tant metastasis. Conclusions Nasopharyngeal MEC progresses slowly and has good prognosis, which should be followed up for a long time. Primary surgery followed by radiotherapy is recommended.

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics , therapeutic outcomes , and prognostic factors of primary salivary gland type nasopharyngeal carcinoma ( SNPC) . Methods The medical records of 54 patients with SNPC at single institution between 1963 and 2006 were reviewed, 2 patients received surgery alone, 30 patients received radiotherapy alone and 22 patients received combined modality therapy consisting of surgery (S) and radiotherapy ( RT) ( S + RT in 15 and RT + S in 7). Of them, 8 patients received chemotherapy , including post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy in 1 patient, palliative chemotherapy in 6 patients and concurrent chemotherapy in 1 patient. 36 patients had adenoid cystic carcinoma ( ACC) ,11 mucoepidermoid carcinoma ( MEC) , and 7 primary traditional adenocarcinoma ( AC) . The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the overall sunival ( OS) , locoregional failure-free survival ( LRFFS) , and distant failure-free survival ( DFFS) rates. Univariate analyses were performed using the Log-rank method.Comparisons of variables between cases were performed using Pearson chi-square test. Results The follow-up was 89％ . The 2-, and 5-year overall survival rates, loco-regional failure free survival rates and distant failure free survival rates were 85％ and 61％ , 74％ and 55％ , 92％ and 70％, respectively. Among the 35 patients with treatment failure, 26 patients had locoregional failure (1 in primary site and cervical lymph node ,23 in primary site and 2 in cervical lymph node) ,and 13 had distant metastasis. The lung was the most common site of metastasis ( n =10) , followed by liver (n = 3), bone ( n = 2) , brain ( n = 1) , and subcutaneous tissue ( n = 1) . Univariate analyses indicated that histological subtypes correlated with overall survival ( X2 = 15. 29, P = 0. 000) and cervial lymph node metastases correlated with distant failure-free survival ( X2 =9. 08 ,P = 0. 003) . Conclusions Primary salivary gland type nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a locally aggressive disease with a long course. The optimal treatment policy for patients with SNPC may be surgery plus radiotherapy.

Objective:To summarize the experience of radiation oncology residency training programs in western coutries, and provide evidence to improve the present Phase-I Radiation Oncology Residency Training Programs in China.Methods:An electronic questionnaire-based survey was conducted among residents and staffs in 6 top cancer centers in China and 5 centers from Europe and North America to collect their feedback regarding the description and comparison of different programs.Results:A total of 70 responses and 4 papers explaining relevant training programs from 26 residents and 23 teachers in Chinese hopsitals and 20 residents and 1 teacher from Europe and North America were received. The Radiation Oncology Residency Training Programs in China were designed into 2 phases, and the results in the current study were involved with the first phase. Program designs were similar in the following aspects: goal, clinical practice-based training, rotation curriculum, interim and final assessment. However, the total timeframe in the investigated Chinese Phase-I programs was shorter than that in western hospitals (2 to 3 years vs. 4 to 5 years). Chinese programs covered major common diseases, whereas rotation design was performed based on each individual disease in western programs. In Chinese programs, the working hours were mainly 40-60 h every week. Although the working hours were commensurate with local workforce regulations, the residents from MSK program had an outstanding longer working time of 60-80 h every week and treated more patients compared with other programs. Conclusions:The investigated Phase-I Radiation Oncology Residency Training Programs in 6 top cancer centers in China share common features in goals, training modes and assessments with western programs. However, our programs have shorter timeframe and less detailed requirements in individual disease than the western programs.

BACKGROUND: RIPA Buffer exhibits different extraction efficiencies of proteins of cells and tissues, which is not appropriate for all samples. OBJECTIVE: To achieve an optimal lysis buffer for skeletal muscle protein extraction in mice of acidosis, and to provide basis for studies on skeletal muscle atrophy. METHEDS: Twenty male healthy C57BL/6 mice, aged 3 months, weighting 25-30 g, were provided by Laboratory Animal Center of Shanxi Medical University. The mice were sacrificed after anesthesia, and the gastrocnemius muscle of lower extremity was isolated. There were two groups: acidosis group was given 10 g of feed mixed with 0.4 mol/L hydrochloric acid (10 mL) , and control group received 10 g of feed mixed with same volume of water, for 7 consecutive days. The effect of RIPA Buffer, Original Buffer and JP Buffer on the skeletal muscle protein extraction in mice of acidosis was compared. The expression levels of AKT, p-AKT (Thr308) , rpS6 and p-rpS6 (Ser235/236) were detected by western blot assay. GLUT4 mRNA expression was examined by RT-qPCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Different buffers generated different protein-yields. The protein yield was highest in JP Buffer, but the target protein signal was not high. The protein yield was low in RIPA Buffer. Original Buffer could extract sufficient proteins, and had clear band detected by western blot assay. (2) Western blot assay scores in Original Buffer were higher than those of other two buffers. (3) Western blot assay results showed that the extent of phosphorylation in both groups showed no significant changes. (4) GLUT4 mRNA expression level examined by RT-qPCR showed no significant changes in both groups. (5) These results indicate that Original Buffer is optimal lysate of skeletal muscle protein extraction. Inactivated AKT signaling pathway is seen in the short-term hydrochloric acid-induced acidosis group, so whether lengthening acidosis time can activate the signaling pathway. Selecting the optimal lysis buffer for different samples is premise to ensure western blot assay results.

Objective To analyze the dose distributions of changing target volumes during intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods Twenty-one NPC patients received definitive IMRT. A total of 126 computed tomography (CT) planning images were acquired, including the first CT scan for the primary plan and a series of scans taken weekly from the start of treatment to the fifth week. The images were registered to the planning images. Target volumes (GTV_(nx), CTV_1 ,CTV_2 ,PTV, and PTV_2) and normal structures (the parotid, brain stem and spinal cord) were re-contoured on the fusion CT images. Results The D_(mean) D_(95), D_(90), D_(10), D_5 and V_(100) of GTV_(nx) were 15.44 -15.60 Gy (F=0.07,P=0.996),14.66 -14.92 Gy (F=0. 11,P=0.990),14.81 -15.06 Gy (F= 0. 12,P=0.988),15.88 -16.29 Gy (F =0.28,P=0.924),16.00 -16.38 Gy (F=0.25,P =0. 940) and 98. 1% -99. 5 % (F = 0. 08, P = 0. 995), CTV_1 with 14. 75 -14. 98 Gy (F = 0. 07,P = 0. 997), 13.39 -13.73 Gy (F=0.20,P=0.964),13.74 -13.96 Gy (F=0.08,P=0.995), 15.65 -15.90 Gy (F= 0.09,P=0.994),15.91 -16.05 Gy (F=0. 10,P=0.992), 98.2% -99.5% (F=0.02,P= 1.000), and CTV_2 with 13.34 -13.64 Gy (F=0. 18,P=0.970),12.71 -13. 18 Gy (F=0.32,P=0.898), 12.89 -13.28Gy(F=0.23,P=0. 949) ,13.79 -14.03Gy(F=0. 12,P=0. 987) ,13.92 -14. 16 Gy (F=0. 12,P=0.987), 94.4% -99.6% (F=0.25,P=0.937), respectively. Conclusions No significantly different dose distributions exists with the changes of the target volumes, even on the largest variations of external contours. The primary plan could ensure adequate doses to the changing target volumes. The replanning is unnecessary in terms of the change of target volumes during radiotherapy.

Two female patients with acute onset of sporadic food-borne botulism are reported. Both patients presented cranial nerve palsy symptoms and rapidly involving respiratory muscles causing respiratory failure. The tracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation and active supportive measures were given at admission. The skull imaging and cerebrospinal fluid examination were negative, and the electromyography showed peripheral motor nerve damage. One patient was complicated with severe pneumonia. The botulinum toxin test was positive, and botulism poisoning was diagnosed. After early targeted treatment, patients were improved and discharged. Both patients had no complications and recurrence after discharge in 8 months of follow-up.

Objective:To analyze the influencing factors of HIV-testing awareness of Myanmar people in Dehong, and provide references for early discovery of HIV infection among Myanmar people.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 Myanmar people in Dehong through convenient sampling method in a form of face-to-face questionnaire interview. HIV-testing awareness and influencing factors were described and analyzed with χ2 and logistic regression method . Results:A total of 393 participants were included in the study, in whom 241 (61.3%) were males, 256(65.1%) were Myanmar people, 233(59.3%) received 1-7 years of education in Myanmar, 348 do not speak Chinese (88.5%), 226(57.5%) were married, 378(96.2%) were non-solitary, 257(65.4%) were workers, the main purpose of etering into China in 273(69.5%) was working in China, 273(69.5%) had stayed in China for more than 2 years, 573(95.4%) had a clear plan on whether to stay in China for a long time in the future. In these Myanmar people, the rate of AIDS-related knowledge awareness was 75.6%; 165(42.0%) had sexual behavior in the last 6 months. 221(56.2%) knew that they had been tested for HIV. Ninety (22.9%) were more likely to actively seek HIV-testing after they had unprotected behaviors such as homosexual sex, injecting drug use, and sex without using condom. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the influencing factors of HIV-testing awareness included being women (compared with men, OR=2.155, 95% CI: 1.088-4.270), educational level of 8-10 years or more than 10 years (compared with education level 1-4 years, OR=5.207, 95% CI: 2.094-12.950; OR=19.780, 95% CI: 5.800-67.457), having sexual behavior in the last 6 months (compared with those who had not, OR=2.534, 95% CI: 1.343-4.779), having received AIDS-related education in the last 6 months (compared with those who had not, OR=2.462, 95% CI: 1.303-4.654), AIDS-related knowledge awareness (compared with those who had no awareness, OR=8.126, 95% CI: 2.936-22.491). Conclusions:Myanmar people have low awareness of HIV-testing in Dehong. Those who were women and high literacy levels, having received AIDS-related knowledge education in the past 6 months, and having AIDS-related knowledge have an active HIV-testing awareness, after they have high-risk behaviors. AIDS-related knowledge should be publicized to promote early discovery of high-risk behaviors.

Objective To explore the optimal method for preparing fresh and fixed skeletal muscle tissues,and to lay an experimental foundation for the rapid diagnosis of and research into the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle diseases.Methods The tibialis anterior muscle was extracted from C57BL/6J mice.Fresh tissue was treated by direct rapid freezing in liquid nitrogen,embedding combined with liquid nitrogen freezing,and foreign body alkane treatment combined with liquid nitrogen freezing.Fixed tissues were pre-treated by direct embedding with embedding agent combined with rapid liquid nitrogen freezing.The frozen sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin.The cross-sectional areas of ice crystals and muscle fibers were calculated to evaluate the effects of the different pre-treatment method.Results The morphology of the muscle fiber bundles was disrupted and numerous ice crystal vacuoles were observed in fresh tissues after direct liquid nitrogen freezing and foreign body alkane treatment combined with liquid nitrogen freezing.In contrast,the muscle fiber bundles were intact and dense and there were no ice crystals in tissues treated with embedding agent combined with rapid liquid nitrogen freezing,indicating that this pre-treatment method was suitable for preparing fresh skeletal muscle tissue.Fixed tissue treated with embedding agent and liquid nitrogen freezing also showed complete muscle fiber bundles and no ice crystals.Conclusions Treatment of fresh and fixed skeletal muscle tissues with embedding agent combined with rapid liquid nitrogen freezing preserves muscle fiber bundles,with no ice crystals.Tissues prepared by this method are thus suitable for further examinations,such as immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence.This method will therefore aid the accurate and rapid diagnosis of and research into the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle diseases.