Objective To prepare poriferous ?-tricalcium phosphate(?-TCP) particles and investigate the possibility of these particles to serve as bone graft and bone tissue engineering scaffold.Methods Poriferous anorganic bone particles were prepared with healthy bovine cancellous bone by removal of cells,defat and double calcination,finally with ?-TCP remained as the main ingredient.A bone defect was made in rabbit's femur,and it was repaired with poriferous ?-TCP bone graft.The results were observed by X-ray,molybdenum target films,fluorescence label and histology at the 4th,8th and 12th week after operation.Results The nature of cancellous bone structure was still maintained in the poriferous ?-TCP bone graft,even retaining its contour after it was transplanted in the bone defect.At the 4th week after operation,the graft was integrated with neighboring tissues,and the new bone gradually grew in the ?-TCP bone graft pores,with delineation of bone defect remaining clear.There was no obvious absorption of the graft,neither growth of soft tissues or bone tissue into the central part.At the 8th week after operation,the soft tissue further grew into the inside of the ?-TCP bone graft,and little bone tissue grew in the central part.At the 12th week after operation,the graft was firmly surrounded with new bone tissue,the demarcation between the graft and new bone becoming obscure,and the graft was partially absorbed,with thickening of bone trabeculae,which extended into the center of ?-TCP bone.However,the speed and quantity of the new bone formation were deteriorated.Histologic examination also found that the ?-TCP bone graft degenerated slowly with passage of time.Conclusion The poriferous ?-TCP bone graft possesses excellent osteogenesis for repairing a bone defect,and may be used as bone tissue engineering scaffold,though its degradation speed should be ameliorated.

Objective To observe the effect of the Chinese medicine steam therapy on activity of daily life(ADL)of subjects with knee osteoarthritis.Methods68 subjects with knee osteoarthritis were divided into two groups:34 subjects in Chinese medicine steam group(treated with Chinese medicine steam and physical therapy),and 34 subjects in physical therapy(with microwave and magnetism with caloric)group.The clinical feature and ADL of all the subjects were evaluated with Lequesne index of severity and activity for osteoarthritis before and after the treatment.After 0.5 year,they were followed up,the recurrence rate were compared.ResultsAll the subjects improved in clinical feature and ADL after the treatment(P<0.05),but the Chinese medicine steam group improved greater in the ADL than the other group(P<0.05).After 0.5 year,the recurrence rate of the Chinese medicine steam group is lower than that of the other group(P<0.05).ConclusionIn addition with the Chinese medicine steam is more effective on improving ADL and recurrence.

Objective To describe the prevalence and change of rationing of nursing care (RNC) in medical and surgical units of level 2 and level 3 general hospitals across Guangdong province. Methods RNC were measured by asking nurses about the completion status of 12 necessary nursing care activities, and the prevalence of RNC in 2014 was compared with the study results from the China Hospital Nursing Workforce Research(CNWR) in 2009 (exclusively using the data of Guangdong province) to describe the change of RNC. Results Six activities were rationed averagely in 2014, and the most frequent activities rationed wereComfort/talk with patients accounted for 69.8% (975/1 396) andEducating patients and familiesaccounted for 67.3%(940/1 396). According to the CNWR in 2009, the average number of nursing care activities rationed was 3 which was statistically lower than the number in 2014 (P < 0.01). Conclusions RNC is prevalent in level 2 and level 3 general hospitals across Guangdong province, especially psychosocial care to the patients; the prevalence of RNC has not decreased since 2009.

AIM:To investigate the effect of cervical lymphatic blockage(CLB)on blood pressure(BP)in conscious unrestrained rats.METHODS:Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were adopted and randomly divided into two groups as Sham operated group and CLB group.By means of monitoring hemodynamic change in conscious unrestrained rats,twenty-four-hour blood pressure(SBP,DBP and MAP),blood pressure variability(BPV),heart rate(HR)and heart rate variability(HRV)were respectively measured before sham and cervical lymphatic blockage operation as their baseline and at 1st,3rd,7th,11th,15th days after operation.Meanwhile,arterial baroreflex sensitivity(BRS)was measured before and at 1st,7th,15th days after operation.RESULTS:SBP,DBP,MAP and HR significantly decreased at 1st day after CLB operation and their lowest values appeared at 7th day.The tendency of their alternation was descending early and then ascending whereas reverse alterations of BPV and HRV were observed.BRS reduced in CLB rats with no apparent recovery from 7th day.CONCLUSION:CLB results in reduction of blood pressure and dysfunction of nervous regulation on cardiovascular system in conscious unrestrained rats.

Objective:To investigate the impact of self-concealment,self-disclosure,coping style and per- ceived social support on university students'loneliness.Methods:Loneliness and related factors were assessed among 482 university students using scales including UCLA Loneliness Scale,Self-concealment Scale(SCS),Self-disclosure Index(SDI),Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire(SCSQ)and Perceived Social Support Scale(PSSS).Results: The level of university students'loneliness was not high(36.5?7.4);males experienced more loneliness than fe- males(37.4?7.5/35.4?7.3,F=8.25,P0.05). Regression analysis showed that SCS,SCSQ and PSSS predicted UCLA effectively(?=0.207,-0.218,0.157, -0.380).The testing of mediating effect indicated that SCS had direct and indirect impact on UCLA through nega- tive coping style and PSSS;SDI had only indirect impact on UCLA through positive coping style and PSSS.Conclusion:SCS,SDI,SCSQ and PSSS are important factors influencing UCLA,and the intervention of univer- sity students'loneliness should focus on these variables.

Objective To explore the influencing factors of job burnout among nurses in level 2 and level 3 hospitals in Guangdong province. Methods A total of 2 066 first line nurses from 133 medical, surgical and intensive care units (ICU) of 23 level 2 and level 3 hospitals in Guangdong province were surveyed employing the questionnaire Hospital Nursing Human Resources Research during December 2013 to August 2014. Results In the multivariate logistic regression models, each additional doctor per nurse was associated with 1.34 times increase in the likelihood of high level of emotional exhaustion(EE). Nurses had a 57.4%higher risk of high level of EE when they worked overtime. Every one point increase in ancillary service score, and every one more year working as a nurse was associated with 5.4%, 2.3%increase in the likelihood of high level of EE, respectively. Nurses were 42.1%,40.9%more likely to exhibit high level of depersonalization(DP) when they worked in medical units or hospitals of level 3, compared with nurses of surgical units and hospitals of level 2. Nurses had a 29.5%higher risk of high level of DP when they worked overtime. Nurses holding higher positions had a lower likelihood(37.7%) of high level of reduced personal accomplishment(PA) compared with nurses holding lower positions. Nurses in medical units or ICUs had a 31.2%, 51.6%higher risk of high level of PA than nurses in surgical units, respectively. Conclusions Job burnout of nurses is at a quite high level in level 2 and level 3 hospitals in Guangdong province. The probability of the occurrence of burnout is related to the hospital, unit and nurse characteristics and nursing workloads.

Objective To investigate the value of MR T2* in evaluation of liver iron overload caused by long term blood transfusion.Methods Thirty one patients with long term blood transfusion were collected.Both serum ferritin(SF)and CRP levels were measured and the adjusted serum ferritin(ASF)concentration was calculated.MRI of the maximum cross-sectional liver was performed using a 1.5T scanner (Siemens Avanto).The T2* value of the liver was measured,and the correlation analysis was carried out.Twenty one normal volunteers served as controls.The transfusion group was divided into iron overload group and non overload group,and differences between groups were analyzed.Results The correlation coefficient in 31 patients between liver T2* value and SF,ASF and blood transfusion volume was-0.695,-0.728 and -0.657 respectively,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The correlation coefficient between SF and blood transfusion volume was 0.518,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).There was difference in T 2* value between three groups.Conclusion MR T2* has some practical value in the evaluation of liver iron overload in patients with long term blood transfusion.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological disease with unclear pathogenesis. The disease progress/trajectory of AD patients can be adequately described by establishing quantitative pharmacological disease progression model. Integrating biomarker information into the model can provide more insight to understand the potential pathological mechanisms and facilitate the optimization of future trial design. Several empirical and semi-mechanism disease progression models have been published. This mini-review is expected to offer some references for the further AD clinical research and new drug development.