Increasing the production and secretion of endogenous opioid peptide by immune cell can significantly induce myocardial protective effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Gene therapy is promising to increase endogenous enkephalin (ENK). However, classical viral and plasmid vectors for gene delivery are hampered by immunogenicity, gene recombination, oncogene activation, the production of antibacterial antibody and changes in physiological gene expression. Minimalistic immunologically defined gene expression (MIDGE) can overcome all the deficients of viral and plasmid vectors. The exon of rat's preproenkephalin (PPENK) gene was amplified by PCR and the fragments were cloned into pEGFP-N1 plasmids. The recombined plasmids were digested with enzymes to obtain a linear vector contained promoter, preproenkephalin gene, RNA stable sequences and oligodesoxy nucleotides (ODNs) added to both ends of the gene vector to protect gene vector from exonuclease degradation. A nuclear localization sequence (NLS) was attached to an ODN to ensure the effective transport to the nucleus and transgene expression. Flow cytometry, laser confocal microscopy and Western blotting demonstrated that PPENK-MIDGE-NLS can transfect leukocyte of rat in vivo, increase the expression of proenkephalin (PENK) in tissue, and the transfection efficiency depends on gene vector's dosage. These results indicate that PPENK-MIDGE-NLS could be an innovative method to protect and treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; Enkephalins ; genetics ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Therapy ; Genetic Vectors ; Leukocytes ; Plasmids ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Precursors ; genetics ; Rats ; Transfection ; Transgenes

Because of breaking through time and space limitations of classroom teaching,micro class has become a better choice for students' autonomous learning and lifelong learning.Complete system of micro class can maximize learning efficiency,and among the system,the content and presentation form are the key to attract the learners,and perfect evaluation system is an important guarantee for effective learning by using micro courses.Pathological micro curriculum should highlight the characteristics of the course,and the task of pathology is to introduce the students to clinical medicine based on correlative basic science.We should adopt the dapper micro video aggregation type to interpret the teaching key points and difficulties,and with the help of network teaching platform or micro platform,give the full play to the advantages of micro course.Whether in the traditional teaching,or in the curriculum integration,the reasonably designed micro curriculum will improve the teaching quality by collaborating with classroom teaching.

The amyloid plaques (Aβ) hypotheses and Tau propagation hypothesis are still proposed as the most prevailing causes for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent compelling evidences have firmly demonstrated that there are tight involvements of dysfunction of the immune system in the pathogenesis and progression of AD. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of immune system in pathogenesis of AD and discuss the most relevant findings in immunotherapies for AD to help clinician to further consider the possible direction of diagnosis and treatment of AD.