Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Jinshan District of Shanghai from 2004 to 2015 in order to provide guidelines for measles control. Methods A descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on measles cases reported in Jinshan District during 2004 to 2015. Epidemiological data of those cases were collected from surveillance system of infectious disease, Measles Surveillance System ( MSS) and case study records. Results A total of 225 confirmed measles cases were analyzed in this study with an annual incidence of 2. 66/100 000. The highest incidence was 11. 27/100 000 in 2005 and the lowest incidence was 0. 14/100 000 in 2011, taking on a descending trend (Z=-6. 689, P<0. 000 1). The number of cases from March to May accounted for 65. 33%. The incidence of measles in floating population (4. 00/100 000) was higher than that in resident population (2. 18/100 000) (χ2=20. 467, P<0. 000 1). The measles cases mainly concentrated in age groups of ≥20 years and <5 years. Workers, scattered children, domestic workers, farmers and fishermen had high incidences of measles. Mea-sles vaccine immunization history was clear in nine cases. Conclusion The incidence of measles in Jinshan District shows a general trend of decline in this decade with time and population clusters in occurrence, sug-gesting that the occurrence of measles in Jinshan is under control. It is necessary to strengthen measles sur-veillance, regular immunization among children and supplementary immunization among adults, especially in floating population, in order to maintain high levels of immune protection.

Objective To investigate the possible function of integrin-linked kinase (ILK)/protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) signaling in repair of neonatal rat hypoxia-ischemia brain damage (HIBD). Methods Postnatal day 10 SD rats were randomly divided into hypoxia ischemia (HI) group and sham control group. Rat brains were collected at 0 h, 4 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after hypoxia ischemia damage. Immunolfuorescence staining was used to observe the distribution and expression of ILK. Western blot was used to detect the expression of ILK, Akt, phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Lentiviral vectors expressing ILK shRNA were constructed to inhibit the expression of ILK in neonatal rats. After intracerebroventricular injections of LV-ILK shRNA lentivirus and LV-control respectively, HIBD model was established. Rat brains were collected at 4 h and 24 h after HIBD. Western blot was used to detect the expression of ILK, p-Akt, and VEGF. TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining was used to detect cell apoptosis. Results Immunolfuorescence staining showed that ILK was widely distributed in cortex and hippocampus both in HI group and sham control group. ILK located at cell membrane and cytoplasm. Western blot results demonstrated that ILK protein increased after HI, with a peak at 24 h, and maintained higher level than those in sham control group. The p-Akt protein signiifcantly increased at 4 h after HI, and signiifcantly decreased in the following 24 h, and then increased again, with a peak at 48 h, but the level of p-Akt protein was higher than that of sham control group. The VEGF protein increased at 4 h after HI, with a peak at 12 h, higher than that of sham control group. The expression of Akt protein showed no signiifcant difference between HI group and sham control group. Lentiviral vectors containing RNAi targeting ILK was applied successfully in vivo. At 4 h and 24 h after HIBD model, the expression of ILK, p-Akt, and VEGF proteins in right side brain received LV-ILK shRNA signiifcantly decreased compared with those of right side brain received LV-control at the same time point. And cell apoptosis signiifcantly increased in LV-ILK shRNA group. Conclusions The expression of ILK, p-Akt, VEGF proteins increased after HI. By inhibiting the expression of ILK, the expression of p-Akt and VEGF proteins can be reduced, and cell apoptosis could increase in newborn rats after HIBD. The results suggest that ILK may induce the expression of VEGF through activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and promote cell survival and angiogenesis after HIBD.

Objective To investigate the immunization coverage of oral live attenuated rotavirus vaccines and its influencing factors among children under 5 years old in Jinshan District of Shanghai in order to provide references for optimizing vaccination management in this area. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 6 community vaccination clinics randomly selected from 12 vaccination clinics in Jinshan District. In each selected clinic,145 children under 5 years old were continuously recruited. Information on immunization status,demographics of children,family socioeconomic status and parents′knowledge of vacci-nation were collected through questionnaire interview. Logistic regression was used to analyze factors influen-cing immunization status by using SPSS22.0. Results Among the 863 participating children, the immuni-zation coverage rate of oral live attenuated rotavirus vaccines was 61.07%. Multivariate analysis revealed that children having an urban registration status (OR=2.21),better family income (OR=1.47) and par-ents with high recognition of rotavirus diarrhea (OR=8.56) and stronger intention to following "doctor′s suggestions" (OR=1.96) were more likely to accept oral live attenuated rotavirus vaccines, while those from families with a medical professional were less likely to be vaccinated (OR=0.57). Conclusion The immunization coverage rate of oral live attenuated rotavirus vaccines among children in Jinshan District were influenced by various factors such as children′s household registration status, household income, parents′knowledge regarding vaccination and doctors′suggestions. Health education on immunization should be strengthened and tailor-made to improve the coverage of oral rotavirus vaccination.

Objective To detect the levels of anti-measles antibody in a healthy population in Jin-shan District of Shanghai and to provide references for making a better immunization strategy against measles in this area. Methods Stratified sampling was used to collect 390 serum sample in 12 age groups with an equal number of males and females as well as resident and floating population. Indirect enzyme-linked immu-nosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect the concentrations of IgG antibody against measles in dif-ferent groups. Results The overall positive rate and protective rate of anti-measles antibody were 78.21% and 41.28%, respectively. No significant difference in the positive rates of antibody was found between males and females, or resident and floating population (P>0.05). Antibody levels varied significantly among different age groups(χ2=191.214,P<0.01). More than 80.00% of the people aged≥1 year were positive for anti-measles antibody and the positive rates in children 3 to 6 years old and people aged ≥40 years reached 100% and over 90.00%,respectively. Infants under 8 months of age,having the lowest posi-tive rate of antibody(10.00%),were susceptible to measles. The highest protective rate was found in chil-dren aged 8 months to 9 years,followed by that in people≥40 years. Levels of anti-measles antibody in peo-ple aged 10 to 39 years mainly ranged from 200 mIU/ml to 800 mIU/ml. No significant difference in anti-body levels was found among people aged≥8 months who had different immunization histories(χ2=1.140,P>0.05). Conclusion The average level of anti-measles antibody was high in Jinshan District in 2015,in-dicating that the people in that area had a relatively high immunity to measles,but the positive rate of anti-body needed to be further improved. Infants under 8 months old and people 10 to 39 years old were the main susceptible groups. It is suggested that measles vaccination efforts should be focused on susceptible popula-tion and women of childbearing age to improve herd immunity.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of varicella epidemic in kindergartens and schools in Jinshan District of Shanghai from 2015 to 2022，and to understand the varicella antibody level in students aged under 30 years old，to provide evidence for developing control and prevention strategies． Methods Data of varicella epidemic situation at schools and kindergartens and varicella cases were analyzed by descriptive methods．Collect serum from healthy individuals under 30 years old to detect IgG antibody levels of varicella zoster virus.Results From 2015 to 2022, a total of 91 cases of chickenpox were reported in kindergartens and schools in Jinshan District, Shanghai, involving 412 cases.The peak incidence occurs from October to December，kindergarten childcare and primary school children were at high risk of varicella .The incidence of fever(χ²=12.93，P＜0.001) and moderate to severe rash(χ²=28.79，P＜0.001) in patients with varicella vaccination was lower than that in patients without varicella vaccination. A total of 227 people were surveyed，the positive rate of varicella antibody was 62. 56%，the geometric mean titer ( GMT) was 2.22±0.68（165.96mIU/ml）．The difference of GMT(F=6.87，P＜0.001) and positive rate (χ²=29.14，P＜0.001)of antibody in different age groups was statistically significant，the positive rate was lowest in the age group of 1-3 years, and gradually increased with the increase of age. Conclusion Autumn and winter in Jinshan District are the seasons with high incidence of chickenpox in kindergartens and primary schools，two doses of chickenpox inoculation can not only reduce clinical symptoms, but also block the transmission of chickenpox epidemic，it is suggested schools and health facilities make chicken pox monitoring work, get the chickenpox vaccine on time.

Objective To analyze the trend of death level and the probability of premature death caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Jinshan District of Shanghai from 1980 to 2020, and to provide reference for the formulation of prevention and control measures of COPD. Methods The death cases of COPD in Jinshan District from 1980 to 2020 were collected through the death cause registration information system. The crude mortality, standardized mortality, age group mortality, early death probability and annual change percentage in different periods were calculated. Results From 1980 to 2020, the crude mortality of COPD in Jinshan District was 154.38/100 000, and the standardized mortality was 82.66/100,000. In the past 41 years, the standardized mortality of COPD showed a downward trend in males and females (APC=-1.79%, -2.52%, P<0.001). In the same period, the mortality of COPD in subjects aged 30-69 years old and subjects aged 70 years old and above also decreased (APC=-8.79%, -4.79%, P<0.001), and the probability of premature death caused by COPD showed a downward trend in males and females (APC=-9.61%, -10.71%, P<0.001). Conclusion The mortality rate and the probability of premature death of COPD in Jinshan District have decreased in the past 41 years. However, COPD is still one of the major chronic diseases that pose a serious threat to the health of residents in Jinshan District. Comprehensive prevention and treatment measures should be taken to reduce the mortality and the probability of premature death of COPD.

ObjectiveTo determine the level of anti-measles antibody and its fluctuation trend in children under 8 months old， which may provide evidence for enhancing the measles immunization strategy. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted to collect the serum of the children aged 1‒8 months in a children’s medical center in Shanghai. Serum concentration of anti-measles IgG antibody was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）， and dynamics of IgG antibody level was compared. ResultsA total of 837 children aged 1‒8 months were tested for anti-measles antibody， and there was no statistical difference in the antibody level between boys and girls （P>0.05）. In the age of 1 month children， the average geometric antibody concentration （GMC） was 529.66 IU‧L^-1， and the antibody positive rate and protection rate were 86.07% and 29.51% respectively. After the age of 3 months， the antibody level dropped sharply in the age of 8 months children， the GMC decreased to 44.46 IU‧L^-1. The positive rate was 12.00%， and the protection rate was 1.00%. The mathematical model of GMC reduction trend in children aged 1‒8 months was Ŷ=-0.144 8X+2.640（R²=0.911 3， P<0.001）. ConclusionThe low level of mother-transmitted protective antibody and its downward trend with age are the important factors leading to the incidence of measles in children aged1‒8 months. It is suggested that intensive immunization should be carried out for women of childbearing age to improve the level of mother-transmitted antibodies in her baby.

Objective To investigate measles antibody levels in healthy people in Jinshan District and their willingness to inoculate measles containing vaccines, and to explore the feasibility of supplementary immunization with adult measles vaccine. Methods People from 4 randomly selected community health service centers were enrolled and divided into groups of 15-19, 20-29, 30-39, and 40 years old and above. Serum was collected for measles antibody level detection and analysis according to the city and foreign household registration. In addition, a questionnaire survey on measles knowledge and vaccination willingness was conducted. Results Of the 234 participants for serum testing, the overall positive rate of measles antibodies (IgG) was 85.47%, and the protection rate was 35.47%. The difference in the positive rate of antibodies in different age groups was statistically significant (χ²=9.78, P=0.02), and the difference in the protection rate was also statistically significant (χ²=14.97, P<0.0012). The positive rate and protection rate were lowest in the group of 20-29 years old, which were 74.19% and 24.19%, respectively. A total of 490 questionnaires were sent out, and 477 questionnaires were effectively returned. Among the 5 questions about measles knowledge, the lowest correct rate was for the transmission route of measles, which was only 48.64%. The willingness to measles vaccination was 85.12%. Multivariate analysis showed that the willingness to vaccination was related to the level of awareness and health education. Conclusion The level of protective antibodies against measles was low in adults in Jinshan District. Health education on measles was insufficient. It is necessary to conduct measles health publicity in institutions with more concentrated personnel. In addition, appropriate measles serological monitoring and supplementary immunization should be carried out for key populations to increase the level of measles antibodies.

Objective To determine the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Jinshan District of Shanghai in 2002‒2019. Methods This study was a secondary data analysis using measles surveillance system and epidemiological case reports in Jinshan District from January 2002 through December 2019. Temporal characteristics of the disease onset was determined by a concentration method. ArcGis 10.4 and SaTScan 9.6 software were used for spatiotemporal clustering scanning analysis. Results From 2002 through 2019， a total of 289 cases of measles were reported in Jinshan District， Shanghai， with an average annual incidence of 2.24 per 10⁵. The annual incidence fluctuated from 0 to 11.27 per 10⁵. The highest incidence was recorded in 2005 （11.27 per 10⁵）， followed by a decline； however， there was a rebound in 2008 （5.26 per 10⁵） and 2015 （3.30 per 10⁵）. The concentration M was determined to be 0.62， showing a clear seasonality concentrated in February to May. The spatiotemporal scan found that spatial and temporal clusters were more likely to occur in the areas with higher population density such as Zhujing Town and Shihua Community and between 2002 and 2009. The majority of measles cases were infants and children under the age of 1 and adults aged 20‒39 years. Approximately 66.78% of measles cases reported unknown vaccination history. In addition， in children aged 8 month to 4 years， the vaccination rate of measles-containing vaccines in the domestic migrants was much lower than the local residents （χ²=4.44， P=0.035）. Conclusion The incidence of measles in Jinshan District presents a downward trend. The population affected has a "two-way displacement"， which is concentrated in the more populated areas. It is necessary to strengthen measles surveillance and implement supplementary immunization programs with measles-containing vaccines for at-risk populations.