Foreign Bodies ; Humans ; Male ; Maxillary Sinus ; Middle Aged

Objective To determine the median effective target plasma concentration (EC50) of propofol inhibiting the response to laryngeal mask airway (LMA) insertion when combined with dexmedetomidine.Methods ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes,aged 20-60 yr,with body mass index 20-25 kg/m2,scheduled for surgeries under general anesthesia,were studied.EC50 of propofol was determined by modified Dixon' s up-and-down sequential experiment.After dexmedetomidine 1.0 μg/kg was infused over 10 min,propofol was infused by targetcontrolled infusion.The initial target plasma concentration of propofol was set at 3.0 μg/ml.LMA was inserted when the target effect-site concentration of propofol and target plasma concentration of propofol reached the balance and BIS value was 50-60.Each time the target concentration increased/decreased by 0.2 μg/ml according to the occurrence of the response to LMA insertion.The response to LMA insertion was defined as the occurrence of coughing,body movement,laryngospasm or systemic voluntary movement.EC50 and 95 ％ confidence interval (CI)of propofol for inhibition of the response to LMA insertion were calculated.Results The EC50 of propofol required for inhibition of the response to LMA insertion was 2.351 (95％ Cl 1.737-2.600) μg/ml when combined with dexmedetomidine 1.0 μg/kg.Conclusion The EC50 of propofol inhibiting the response to LMA insertion is 2.351 μg/ml when combined with dexmedetomidine.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis (referred to as brucellosis) from 2011 to 2018 in Yantai City, and to provide scientific basis for formulating and adjusting brucellosis prevention and control strategies.Methods:Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the monitoring data and epidemiological survey data (time, area, population distribution and treatment behavior) of brucellosis in Yantai from 2011 to 2018.Results:From 2011 to 2018, 795 cases of brucellosis were reported in Yantai, with an annual incidence of 1.42/100 000 and no deaths. Most of the cases were sporadic, accounting for 92.20% (733/795). The incidence peak was from March to August, accounting for 67.80% (539/795). In addition to Changdao County, cases of brucellosis had been reported in 12 counties (cities, districts). The incidence rate of the top three counties (cities, districts) were 5.20/100 000 (369 cases, accounting for 46.42%) in Laizhou City, 2.13/100 000 (97 cases, accounting for 12.20%) in Zhaoyuan City, and 1.77/100 000 (62 cases, accounting for 7.80%) in Penglai City. The male and female sex ratio was 2.82 to 1.00 (587 to 208). The age of onset was mainly 40 - 69 years old, accounting for 79.62% (633/795). Occupation was mainly farmers, accounting for 83.90% (667/795). Cases were mainly found in local medical institutions, accounting for 89.56% (712/795). The average interval between onset and diagnosis was 17 days, the longest was 40 days in 2012, and the shortest was 12 days in 2018.Conclusions:From 2011 to 2018, except Changdao County, 12 counties (cities and districts) in Yantai City had reported brucellosis cases. The incidence peak was in spring and summer, mainly in middle-aged and elderly people, so we should carry out targeted prevention and control strategies for different areas and key populations.