Hand ; Humans ; Reference Standards ; Vibration

Guidelines as Topic ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Occupational Diseases ; prevention & control ; Occupational Health ; legislation & jurisprudence

A two-way referral system for eye diseases management was developed between the Weifang community health service centers and Shanghai eye hospital in May 2014.With the “peer-to-peer” two-way referral model, the physicians in community health service center and ophthalmologists in eye hospital were directly responsible for screening , diagnosis and treatment of patients.The specialists of eye hospital also regularly provided clinic service in the center for longitudinal management of the patients .The “peer-to-peer” two-way referral model played a positive role in enhancing the cooperation between community health service center and superior hospital , upgrading skills of general practitioners, and improving the residents′satisfaction.

Objective To investigate the features of hand-transmitted vibration of common vibration tools in the workplace for automobile casting and assembly.Methods From September to October,2014,measurement and spectral analysis were performed for 16 typical hand tools (including percussion drill,pneumatic wrench,grinding machine,internal grinder,and arc welding machine) in 6 workplaces for automobile casting and assembly according to ISO 5349-1-2001 Mechanical vibration-Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to hand-transmitted vibration-part 1:General requirements and ISO 5349-2-2001 Mechanical vibration-Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to hand-transmitted vibration-Part 2:Practical guidance for measurement in the workplace.Results The vibration acceleration waveforms of shearing machine,arc welding machine,and pneumatic wrench were mainly impact wave and random wave,while those of internal grinder,angle grinder,percussion drill,and grinding machine were mainly long-and short-period waves.The daily exposure duration to vibration of electric wrench,pneumatic wrench,shearing machine,percussion drill,and internal grinder was about 150 minutes,while that of plasma cutting machine,angle grinder,grinding machine,bench grinder,and arc welding machine was about 400 minutes.The range of vibration total value (ahw) was as follows:pneumatic wrench 0.30～11.04 m/s2,grinding wheel 1.61 ～8.97 m/s2,internal grinder 1.46～8.70 m/s2,percussion drill 11.10～14.50 m/s2,and arc welding machine 0.21～2.18 m/s2.The workers engaged in cleaning had the longest daily exposure duration to vibration,and the effective value of 8-hour energy-equivalent frequency-weighted acceleration for them[A (8)] was 8.03 m/s2,while this value for workers engaged in assembly was 4.78 m/s2.The frequency spectrogram with an 1/3-time frequency interval showed that grinding machine,angle grinder,and percussion drill had a high vibration acceleration,and the vibration limit curve was recommended for those with a frequency higher than 400 min/d.Conclusion The workers who are engaged in cleaning,grinding,and a few positions of assembly and use grinding machine,angle grinder,internal grinder,and percussion drill are exposed to vibrations with a high vibration acceleration and at a high position of the frequency spectrum.The hand-transmitted vibration in the positions of cutting,polishing,and cleaning in automobile casting has great harm,and the harm caused by pneumatic wrench in automobile assembly should be taken seriously.

Objective To investigate the influence of two positions for measuring instrument adapter on the measurement of hand-transmitted vibration in grinding machine using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of reliability assessment index,and to provide a basis for studies on the measurement standard for handtransmitted vibration.Methods With reference to the measurement standard for hand-transmitted vibration ISO 5349 Mechanical vibration-Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to hand-transmitted vibration-Part 1:General requirements and Mechanical vibration-Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to handtransmitted vibration-Part 2:Practical guidance for measurement at the workplace,the domestic AWA5936 hand-transmitted vibration measuring instrument and SVAN-106 hand-transmitted vibration measuring instrument from Poland were used to measure hand-transmitted vibration in 3 workers for grinding machine in a foundry for 5 days continuously from September to October,2014,and Y-axis data were recorded and compared.Results In worker A,the "T"-shaped adapter had a significantly higher mean Y-axis accelerated speed effective value than the "O"-shaped adapter [4.34 m/s2 (95％CI 4.05-4.63) vs 2.32 m/s2 (95％CI 2.27～2.38),t=13.781,P＜0.01]-In workers B and C,AWA5936 "U"-shaped adapter (placed at the position of the handle of grinding machine) had lower degrees of data variation of 12.55％ and 15.77％,respectively,suggesting good data stability.The measurement results showed significant differences across different positions of adapter(P＜0.01) and between all adapters except "O"-shaped and line-shaped adapters (all P＜0.01),while the measurement results showed no significant differences between the"O"-shaped and line-shaped adapters (P＞0.01).The comparison of the measurement results of AWA5936 vibration measuring instrument with an "U"-shaped adapter and SVAN-106 vibration measuring instrument with an "S"-shaped adapter showed an ICC of ＞0.80 (ICC=0.82),while the comparison of the measurement results of AWA5936 vibration measuring instrument with an "O"-shaped adapter and SVAN-106 vibration measuring instrument showed an ICC of ＜0.40.Conclusion SVAN-106 vibration measuring instrument with an "S"-shaped adapter placed at the palm and AWA5936 vibration measuring instrument with an"U"-shaped adapter placed at the handle of grinding machine can give comparable measurement results with good reliability.

Objective To investigate the features of hand-transmitted vibration of common vibration tools in the workplace for automobile casting and assembly.Methods From September to October,2014,measurement and spectral analysis were performed for 16 typical hand tools (including percussion drill,pneumatic wrench,grinding machine,internal grinder,and arc welding machine) in 6 workplaces for automobile casting and assembly according to ISO 5349-1-2001 Mechanical vibration-Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to hand-transmitted vibration-part 1:General requirements and ISO 5349-2-2001 Mechanical vibration-Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to hand-transmitted vibration-Part 2:Practical guidance for measurement in the workplace.Results The vibration acceleration waveforms of shearing machine,arc welding machine,and pneumatic wrench were mainly impact wave and random wave,while those of internal grinder,angle grinder,percussion drill,and grinding machine were mainly long-and short-period waves.The daily exposure duration to vibration of electric wrench,pneumatic wrench,shearing machine,percussion drill,and internal grinder was about 150 minutes,while that of plasma cutting machine,angle grinder,grinding machine,bench grinder,and arc welding machine was about 400 minutes.The range of vibration total value (ahw) was as follows:pneumatic wrench 0.30～11.04 m/s2,grinding wheel 1.61 ～8.97 m/s2,internal grinder 1.46～8.70 m/s2,percussion drill 11.10～14.50 m/s2,and arc welding machine 0.21～2.18 m/s2.The workers engaged in cleaning had the longest daily exposure duration to vibration,and the effective value of 8-hour energy-equivalent frequency-weighted acceleration for them[A (8)] was 8.03 m/s2,while this value for workers engaged in assembly was 4.78 m/s2.The frequency spectrogram with an 1/3-time frequency interval showed that grinding machine,angle grinder,and percussion drill had a high vibration acceleration,and the vibration limit curve was recommended for those with a frequency higher than 400 min/d.Conclusion The workers who are engaged in cleaning,grinding,and a few positions of assembly and use grinding machine,angle grinder,internal grinder,and percussion drill are exposed to vibrations with a high vibration acceleration and at a high position of the frequency spectrum.The hand-transmitted vibration in the positions of cutting,polishing,and cleaning in automobile casting has great harm,and the harm caused by pneumatic wrench in automobile assembly should be taken seriously.

Objective To investigate the influence of two positions for measuring instrument adapter on the measurement of hand-transmitted vibration in grinding machine using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of reliability assessment index,and to provide a basis for studies on the measurement standard for handtransmitted vibration.Methods With reference to the measurement standard for hand-transmitted vibration ISO 5349 Mechanical vibration-Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to hand-transmitted vibration-Part 1:General requirements and Mechanical vibration-Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to handtransmitted vibration-Part 2:Practical guidance for measurement at the workplace,the domestic AWA5936 hand-transmitted vibration measuring instrument and SVAN-106 hand-transmitted vibration measuring instrument from Poland were used to measure hand-transmitted vibration in 3 workers for grinding machine in a foundry for 5 days continuously from September to October,2014,and Y-axis data were recorded and compared.Results In worker A,the "T"-shaped adapter had a significantly higher mean Y-axis accelerated speed effective value than the "O"-shaped adapter [4.34 m/s2 (95％CI 4.05-4.63) vs 2.32 m/s2 (95％CI 2.27～2.38),t=13.781,P＜0.01]-In workers B and C,AWA5936 "U"-shaped adapter (placed at the position of the handle of grinding machine) had lower degrees of data variation of 12.55％ and 15.77％,respectively,suggesting good data stability.The measurement results showed significant differences across different positions of adapter(P＜0.01) and between all adapters except "O"-shaped and line-shaped adapters (all P＜0.01),while the measurement results showed no significant differences between the"O"-shaped and line-shaped adapters (P＞0.01).The comparison of the measurement results of AWA5936 vibration measuring instrument with an "U"-shaped adapter and SVAN-106 vibration measuring instrument with an "S"-shaped adapter showed an ICC of ＞0.80 (ICC=0.82),while the comparison of the measurement results of AWA5936 vibration measuring instrument with an "O"-shaped adapter and SVAN-106 vibration measuring instrument showed an ICC of ＜0.40.Conclusion SVAN-106 vibration measuring instrument with an "S"-shaped adapter placed at the palm and AWA5936 vibration measuring instrument with an"U"-shaped adapter placed at the handle of grinding machine can give comparable measurement results with good reliability.