BACKGROUND:Cartilage is an avascular tissue and has a limited capacity for self-repair after injury. There are various methods for the treatment of articular cartilage injury ranging from conservation therapy to invasive surgery. With the development of tissue engineering technology, it provides a new way for treating articular cartilage injury. OBJECTIVE:To review the new development of tissue engineering technology for repairing articular cartilage injury. METHODS:The PubMed database and CNKI database were retrieved for articles from 2000 to 2013 by the first author with computer in May 2013. The key words were“cartilage tissue engineering, cartilage defect, stem cell, scaffold, growth factor”in English and Chinese. A total of 64 articles were included which related to cartilage regeneration and cartilage tissue engineering. For the articles in the same field, those published recently or in authorized journals were selected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The three elements of cartilage tissue engineering, seed cells, scaffolds and cytokines, must be coordinated and mutual y beneficial development. At present, the research of tissue engineering for repairing articular cartilage injury has made a great progress. But the application in clinic has not enforced yet which is limited in experimental exploration stage. With the continuous development of new materials, the new tissue engineering cartilage repair materials should meet the requirement of material science and biological science, thus making the materials closely meet the biological characteristics of the self tissues. The animal studies wil turn to clinical experiments with the support of new technique, which make a breakthrough in the treatment of articular cartilage injury.

Objective To evaluate the functional alternations of canine renal ischemia and reperfusion injury by using MR perfusion-weighted imaging, and to correlate the imaging with the pathologic findings. Methods Using 1. 5 T MR system, four groups of three anesthetized dogs each were studied by left renal artery ligation for 30-, 60-, 90-, and 120-min, respectively, after the removal of ligation, reperfusion injury was suffered for one hour. True-FISP, TSE, and EPI sequences were performed in five different time phases ( pre-ischemia, onset-ischemia, post-ischemia, onset-reperfusion, and post-reperfusion). Finally, IR-turbo-FLASH sequence (TR 5. 8 ms, TE 3. 2 ms, TI 400 ms, FA 12?) with a temporal resolution of 1. 16 s was performed. Signal intensity (SI) in cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla was measured. SI was plotted as a function of time. Peak height (P) , time to peak (Tp) , and the area (A) under the time-course curves after the intravenous injection of Gd-DTPA were estimated. Blood and urine examples were collected for measuring serum creatinine level and urinary protein before and after the insult. Histologic examination was performed with light and electron microscopy in all dogs. Results After arterial ligation,there was marked and significant reduction in the SI of each layer of left kidney on true-FISP, TSE, and EPI, except for the SI of inner medulla on TSE. After the removal of ligation,there were no significant differences in the SI of cortex of both kidneys, however, significant differences in the SI of outer and inner medulla of both kidneys remained on EPI in all groups. The turbo-FLASH study clearly depicted the three-phase pattern of SI changes in each layer on right kidney. The uniphasic enhancement pattern in all groups was showed in outer and inner medulla on left kidney, with the area under the curve decreased. Conclusion This preliminary study shows that MR perfusion-weighted imaging may be useful and very promising for the evaluation of renal dysfunction following normothermic ischemia and reperfusion injury.

This article reviewed the researches proceeding on the contamination and detection of the foodborne pathogen noroviruses (NoVs) in fresh produce, which involved the NoVs contaminations in fresh produce, the special attachment of NoVs in fresh produce, the NoVs outbreaks associated with fresh produce and the NoVs detection in fresh produce. There had been an increase in reported infectious disease risks associated with the consumptions of fresh produce for recent 30 years. Because the NoVs, as a primary cause of viral gastroenteritis thoughout the world, were highly contagious, had a low infectious dose, and were persistent in the environment. And also the methods for NoVs detection in food had significantly developed over the last 15 years. Currently NoVs were the most common pathogen accounting for 40% of outbreaks associated with fresh produce (i. e., fruits and vegetables). Data from outbreaks investigations verified fresh produce as the high risk food products for NoVs. The fresh produce were typically eaten raw with no thermal processing, can be contaminated at any step during production and processing from faecally polluted water and fertilizers, the poor hygiene practices by food handlers and the cross-contamination. The attachment of NoVs to the fresh produce was due to the physio-chemical factors of virus protein coat, the special attachment to different fresh produce, and the possibility for internalization of NoVs. It might provide answers to why those high risk foods were more frequently implicated (i. e., lettuce and raspberries). According to the data of foodborne NoVs outbreaks which were associated with fresh produce from EU countries and the USA, the outbreaks in EU countries were mainly associated with NoVs contaminated raspberries and lettuce, while in USA which were associated with NoVs contaminated lettuce. Unfortunately, there were no NoVs detection methods for fresh produce or the data of foodborne NoVs outbreaks which were associated with fresh produce in China. That made it difficult to analyze the NoVs contamination situation in China. The heterogeneous distributions of presumably low levels of virus, which presented in contaminated fresh produce, also made it difficult to detect NoVs. To solve this problem, different sampling methods, viral elution methods and RT-qPCR methods were chosen. For example, according to the isoelectric point of NoVs particles, high pH and high ionic strength solution could be used as means for releasing NoVs. For the elution from acidic fruit, the buffer capacity and the virus recovery could be increased by the addition of tris-HCl. When analyzing pectin containing raspberries or strawberries, the viral elution usually incubated with pectinase at neutral pH to avoid from foaming jelly. In this paper, the latest ISO standard for NoV detection in food and the new approaches for NoV detection were also reviewed to provide references for domestic researches. It was necessary to establish and develop domestic methods for NoV detection in fresh produce, especially the different NoV conventional molecular detection methods with corresponding NoV extraction methods, which targeted to the different adsorption characteristics of different fruits and vegetables, in order to strengthen the national food safety monitoring.
Food Analysis ; methods ; Food Contamination ; analysis ; Foodborne Diseases ; virology ; Fruit ; virology ; Gastroenteritis ; virology ; Humans ; Norovirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Vegetables ; virology

Objective:As a branch of image processing,image mining is a subject for great concern.With the development of image acquisition and storage,human can gain a lot of useful image information,but lack of effective analytic technique,so it is a focus of image mining that how to obtain useful image information and make full use of image information.So this paper gives an overview of the research and applications of image mining.Method:Firstly,it presents the concept and primary frame of image mining and the major techniques of lower layer image mining and higher layer image mining.Then,it discusses some applications in the biomedical,DNA analysis,data analysis of medical imaging and forensic medicine and so on.Result:Image mining is that the technique which can mine to discover new and valuable knowledge from vast collection of image.Conclusion:This article expounds the related technologies about image mining by our study of the image mining areas integrating the usual methods of the methods.Then,it identifies some applications in medicine and future research directions of image mining.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the reform mode of experiment teaching in pharmaceutical analysis in the new situation of vocational education and provide reference for improving the teaching quality of secondary vocational education. METHODS:The present situation of experiment teaching in pharmaceutical analysis was assessed deeply and in detail,and the problems exist-ing in teaching were analyzed;the reform plan and measures according to the disadvantages of the current teaching were raised. RE-SULTS:The experiment teaching in pharmaceutical analysis existed some problems,involving lagging textbook compilation,single teaching mode,“heavy theory,light practice”for time arrangement,obsolete laboratory apparatus and lack of advanced equipments. So a series of measures were adopted,including writing supplementary teaching materials and experimental guidance;reforming the contents of the experiment teaching;reforming the model of teaching and improving the students’participation;reforming the time arrangements;increasing the investment in laboratory equipment and attaching great importance to extramural cooperation;estab-lishing the virtual laboratory;and establishing a flexible,comprehensive and effective experimental evaluation mechanism.CON-CLUSIONS:Reform experimental teaching mode has fully mobilized the enthusiasm and initiative of students and improved the abil-ity of operating skills,and cultivated the strict scientific research style of students. The reform mode of experimental teaching in pharmaceutical analysis is in accordance with the students’learning needs of pharmaceutical majors,and lay a good foundation for the students better and faster adaption to the job.

Objective To establish a method to evoke cerebral potentials by stimulating nociceptive fibers with contact heat evoked potential stimulator,evaluate the state of nociceptive system in patients with multiple sclerosis and assess the value of the potentials in multiple sclerosis(MS).Methods Thirty-six definite MS patients and 40 sex-,height-and aged-matched healthy persons underwent stimulation of contact heat delivered via a circular thermode to excite selectively nociceptors with a rapid rising time at 70℃/s to elicit pain and contact heat evoked potentiaI(CHEP).Thermal stimuli were sent at two intensity levels (47 ℃ and 51℃)to 3 body sites:volar surface of the forearm,the skin of leg 5 cm proximal to the medial malleolus and lumbar part.The CHEP were recorded from Cz.The relationship between the stimulus intensity and pain rating was observed,and the main components of the evoked potential were recorded.Then,somatosensory evoked potential(SEP)was examined in 36 patients with MS.Results CHEP were elicited reliably and stably in all control subjects.In contrast,in 4 patients there were no recordable CHEP on stimulation of the upper limb,and in some cases of lower limb(n=5).Conduction velocity of Aδ fihers was(18.1±7.3)m/s.The 21 MS cases had hypesthesia in upper limb and 29 cases in lower limb.The visual analog scale(VAS)for pain perception was higher in control subjects(upper limb:8.0±0.7;lower limb:7.9±0.7)than MS with hypesthesia(upper limb:6.1±0.9;lower limb:5.6±1.3,Z=-3.249 and -5.272,both P＜0.01).The group of patients (MS) with hypesthesia(upper limb 17 cases,lower limb 24 cases)had markedly reduced N-P amplitudes(upper limb:(30.5±12.8)μV;lower limb:(28.2±16.2)μV,t=-4.612 and -3.144,both P＜0.01)and prolonged N-wave latencies(upper limb:(387.3±34.2)ms;lower limb:(489.9±70.2)ms,t=4.790 and 4.798,both P＜0.01)compared with the control group in CHEP mediated by Aδ fibers.CHEP abnormality was observed more often in the lower(26/36,72.2%)than the upper limb(16/36,44.4%,P=0.031)and SEP(19/36,52.8%,χ~2=4.261,P=0.039).CHEP were abnormal in 3 of 15 skin areas with clinically normal nociception in upper limb,and in some cases of lower limb(2 of 7).Conclusions CHEP provides a clinically practical,non-invasive and objective measure,and can be a useful additional tool for the assessment of nocieptive system.Combined assessment of other Eps can help to document dissemination of demyelinating CNS lesions and detect subclinical lesions thus contribute to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.

Objective:To study the expression of IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 1 (IQGAP1 )in oral squamous cell cancer(OSCC)tissue,and to explore the effects of IQGAP1 on cell proliferation and invasion as well as its underlying mechanism. Methods:Expression levels of IQGAP1 in tumor and adjacent normal tissues were examined by western blot and RT-PCR.OSCC cell line SCC-4 cells was transfected with the recombinant plasmid-pcDNA3.1 -IQGAP1 by lipofectamine,and then treated with an Akt in-hibitor.The phosphorylation of Akt,cell proliferation and invasion were detected by western blot,MTT assay and Transwell invasion as-say respectively.Results:Protein and mRNA expression levels of IQGAP1 were higher in cancer tissue than in adjacent normal tissue (P <0.05).Transfection of pcDNA3.1 -IQGAP1 increased IQGAP1 expression,enhanced the capability of cell proliferation and inva-sion (P <0.05),increased p Akt level in the cells.Preconditioning with an Akt inhibitor reduced p Akt level.Furthermore,silencing Akt pathway blocked the increase of cell proliferation and invasion induced by IQGAP1 overexpression(P <0.05).Conclusion:IQ-GAP1 overexprission can mediate the ability of proliferation and invasion of OSCC cells by regulating the activation of Akt pathway.

Objective To investigate the relation between macrophage infiltration and degree of calcific aortic stenosis (CAVS)in elder patients.Methods The aortic valve specimens were collected from 2012 September to 2014 March in Depart‐ment of Cardiac Surgery of Hainan General Hospital ,for operation removal ,from 80 cases[40 males and 40 females ,age:(58 ± 6)years old];normal aortic valve specimens were collected from 7 patients undergoing surgical removal of the normal aortic valve because of aneurysm[4 males ,3 female patients ,aged(41 ± 8)years] ,and 80 healthy adults served as control group.The clinical data of patients were collected ,and CAVS valve and normal valve were observed by HE staining.Expression feature of macrophages was studied by immunohistochemical(IHC)staining.IPP(Image‐Pro Plus)software was used to measure the densi‐ty of macrophages ,and Pearson relation analysis was employed to study the correlation between the density of macrophages and the degree of valve stenosis.Results As compared with healthy adults ,cholesterol and C reactive protein in patients with CAVS were significantly elevated.There were infiltration of inflammatory cells ,new blood capillaries and calcification in the valves of CAVS lesions observed by HE staining.No positive expression of macrophage marker CD68 was found in normal aortic valves , but CD68 positive expression was observed in the valves of CAVS by IHC staining ,and mainly concentrated in the peripheral calcification and osteoid tissues.Simple linear regression analysis showed the density of macrophages was positively correlated with the large pressure gradient(r=0.75 ,P<0.05) ,the average differential pressure(r=0.75 ,P<0.05) ,and the maximum aortic jet velocity(r=0.72 ,P<0.05) ,however ,was negatively correlated(r= -0.71 ,P<0.05)with the valve orifice area .Con‐clusion Compared with healthy adult volunteers ,the concentration of cholesterol and C reactive protein were elevated in blood of the patients with CAVS.Compared with the normal valve ,the macrophages were infiltrated in CAVS valves ;the density of macrophage was positively correlated with the degree of CAVS.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of acupuncture and massotherapy for cerebral palsy-salivation. Method Forty-eight patients with infantile cerebral palsy were randomly allocated to two groups. The control group of 24 patients received acupoint application of Chinese herbal medicine and did the tongue exercises. The observation group of 24 patients received acupuncture and massotherapy in addition. Result Of the control group, five patients were assessed as grade Ⅰ, four patients as grade Ⅱ, 10 patients as grade Ⅲ, two patients as grade Ⅳ and three patients as grade Ⅴ in the TDS grading after treatment. Of the observation group, 10 patients were assessed as grade Ⅰ, seven patients as grade Ⅱ, four patients as grade Ⅲ, two patients as gradeⅣ and one patients as grade Ⅴ in the TDS grading after treatment. The TDS grading assessment was better in the observation group of patients than in the control group. After treatment, middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity and vessel pulsation index were (135.64±13.72)cm/s and (1.05±0.17), respectively, in the control group and (144.78±16.45)cm/s and (0.90±0.18), respectively, in the observation group. There was no statistically significant difference in speech training between the two groups (P>0.05). The number of independent eating patients was significantly larger in the observation group than in the control group; there was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Fine action, adaptive behavior and personal social behavior development levels were significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group; there was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Both groups of patients could tolerate the therapeutic dosage and course and had no severe adverse reactions. There was no statistically significant difference in safety grade between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Acupuncture and massotherapy is safe and of a fair effect in treating cerebral palsy-salivation. It can increase cerebral blood flow, promote the contraction of local muscles, control salivation and improve the quality of life in cerebral palsy patients.

Once umbilical cord ligation,neonatal kidney will be responsible for maintaining the whole-body homeostasis and the excretory requirements of the newborn. Meanwhile,there is a significant physiologic changes that occurs during the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life. Neonatal renal reserve is less than adults,for the structure and function of the kidney still undergo a maturation process. Under the normal condi-tion,the adaptive changes of the renal function,with neonatal growth and development,can keep a delicate bal-ance of the internal environment. If they are exposed to a variety of external stressors,their immature kidney is especially vulnerable,which will not only cause fluid,electrolyte and acid-base imbalances and the adverse prog-nosis,but effect kidney structure and function further mature and increase the long-term risk of chronic kidney disease as well.