This article reviewed the researches proceeding on the contamination and detection of the foodborne pathogen noroviruses (NoVs) in fresh produce, which involved the NoVs contaminations in fresh produce, the special attachment of NoVs in fresh produce, the NoVs outbreaks associated with fresh produce and the NoVs detection in fresh produce. There had been an increase in reported infectious disease risks associated with the consumptions of fresh produce for recent 30 years. Because the NoVs, as a primary cause of viral gastroenteritis thoughout the world, were highly contagious, had a low infectious dose, and were persistent in the environment. And also the methods for NoVs detection in food had significantly developed over the last 15 years. Currently NoVs were the most common pathogen accounting for 40% of outbreaks associated with fresh produce (i. e., fruits and vegetables). Data from outbreaks investigations verified fresh produce as the high risk food products for NoVs. The fresh produce were typically eaten raw with no thermal processing, can be contaminated at any step during production and processing from faecally polluted water and fertilizers, the poor hygiene practices by food handlers and the cross-contamination. The attachment of NoVs to the fresh produce was due to the physio-chemical factors of virus protein coat, the special attachment to different fresh produce, and the possibility for internalization of NoVs. It might provide answers to why those high risk foods were more frequently implicated (i. e., lettuce and raspberries). According to the data of foodborne NoVs outbreaks which were associated with fresh produce from EU countries and the USA, the outbreaks in EU countries were mainly associated with NoVs contaminated raspberries and lettuce, while in USA which were associated with NoVs contaminated lettuce. Unfortunately, there were no NoVs detection methods for fresh produce or the data of foodborne NoVs outbreaks which were associated with fresh produce in China. That made it difficult to analyze the NoVs contamination situation in China. The heterogeneous distributions of presumably low levels of virus, which presented in contaminated fresh produce, also made it difficult to detect NoVs. To solve this problem, different sampling methods, viral elution methods and RT-qPCR methods were chosen. For example, according to the isoelectric point of NoVs particles, high pH and high ionic strength solution could be used as means for releasing NoVs. For the elution from acidic fruit, the buffer capacity and the virus recovery could be increased by the addition of tris-HCl. When analyzing pectin containing raspberries or strawberries, the viral elution usually incubated with pectinase at neutral pH to avoid from foaming jelly. In this paper, the latest ISO standard for NoV detection in food and the new approaches for NoV detection were also reviewed to provide references for domestic researches. It was necessary to establish and develop domestic methods for NoV detection in fresh produce, especially the different NoV conventional molecular detection methods with corresponding NoV extraction methods, which targeted to the different adsorption characteristics of different fruits and vegetables, in order to strengthen the national food safety monitoring.
Food Analysis ; methods ; Food Contamination ; analysis ; Foodborne Diseases ; virology ; Fruit ; virology ; Gastroenteritis ; virology ; Humans ; Norovirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Vegetables ; virology

BACKGROUND: Fiber post is widely used in front teeth aesthetic repair, but some defect teeth cannot form ferrule or thick root canal, which resulted in fiber post prosthetic replacement defluxion and a failure of repair. Presently, new-style resin cement had self sticking component, showing good effects in sticking of fiber post. Whether combination of new-style resin cement can repair affected teeth using fiber post deserves further investigation.OBJECTIVE: Through fatigue test, residual flexural strength and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation to compare the strength of severely weakened roots restored with three resin cements. METHODS: Eighteen intact maxillary central incisors were collected and formed to severely weakened canals at the same size. Three kinds of resin cements were used to restore. Rely X Unicem, Panavia F and Super-Bond C&B resin cement and identical glass fiber post were used. All the specimens were restored using Ni-Cr ceramic crown, and placed on TCML chewing machine that loaded 1 200 000 cycle forces, and the cycle times when failure occurred were recorded. The samples were intact following loading received residual flexural strength testl SEM was employed to observe breakage surface of the samples. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Mean cyclic loading was significantly greater in the Super-Bond C&B Group (1 200 000 times) than in the Relyx Unicem Group (640 000 times) and Panavia F Group (550 000 times) (P< 0.05). No significant difference was detected between the Rely X Unicem and Panavia F Groups. Residual flexural strength was 747.99 N in the Super-Bond C&B Group. SEM demonstrated that Super-Bond C&B formed longer resin processes, which were more than other two groups. Results confirmed that Super-Bond C&B demonstrated better results when restoring flared roots with prefabricated glass fiber posts.

Objective To investigate the relation between macrophage infiltration and degree of calcific aortic stenosis (CAVS)in elder patients.Methods The aortic valve specimens were collected from 2012 September to 2014 March in Depart‐ment of Cardiac Surgery of Hainan General Hospital ,for operation removal ,from 80 cases[40 males and 40 females ,age:(58 ± 6)years old];normal aortic valve specimens were collected from 7 patients undergoing surgical removal of the normal aortic valve because of aneurysm[4 males ,3 female patients ,aged(41 ± 8)years] ,and 80 healthy adults served as control group.The clinical data of patients were collected ,and CAVS valve and normal valve were observed by HE staining.Expression feature of macrophages was studied by immunohistochemical(IHC)staining.IPP(Image‐Pro Plus)software was used to measure the densi‐ty of macrophages ,and Pearson relation analysis was employed to study the correlation between the density of macrophages and the degree of valve stenosis.Results As compared with healthy adults ,cholesterol and C reactive protein in patients with CAVS were significantly elevated.There were infiltration of inflammatory cells ,new blood capillaries and calcification in the valves of CAVS lesions observed by HE staining.No positive expression of macrophage marker CD68 was found in normal aortic valves , but CD68 positive expression was observed in the valves of CAVS by IHC staining ,and mainly concentrated in the peripheral calcification and osteoid tissues.Simple linear regression analysis showed the density of macrophages was positively correlated with the large pressure gradient(r=0.75 ,P<0.05) ,the average differential pressure(r=0.75 ,P<0.05) ,and the maximum aortic jet velocity(r=0.72 ,P<0.05) ,however ,was negatively correlated(r= -0.71 ,P<0.05)with the valve orifice area .Con‐clusion Compared with healthy adult volunteers ,the concentration of cholesterol and C reactive protein were elevated in blood of the patients with CAVS.Compared with the normal valve ,the macrophages were infiltrated in CAVS valves ;the density of macrophage was positively correlated with the degree of CAVS.

Bases on the changing idea and management policy,the out-patient service process rebuilding focuses on the patient,makes use of the information technology,imports the theory of operation process reforming,reconsiders and redesigns the operation process of the out-patient department,and improves the medical quality and service.The digitizing procedure in out-patient service is the important base of process rebuilding.In the paper,we try to discuss how to improve the digitizing procedure in out-patient service and rebuild the service process.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate effect of calcium dobesilate on renal oxidative stress in type2diabetic rats.METHODS:30rats were divided into3groups of normal rats,diabetic rats,diabetic rats treated with calcium dobesi?late.Content of malonaldehyde(MDA)and activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX)in the renal tissue were compared among the groups.In addition,blood glucose,serum creatinine(Cr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN)were measured;the renal tissue were observed by light microscopy and electron microscopy.RESU_ LTS:Compared with untreated group,the level of BUN,Cr,renal MDA in calcium dobesilate treated group were significantly decreased,but the activity of renal SOD,GSH-PX were increased notably.In addition,the renal pathologic changes in calcium dobesilate treated group was also improved.CONCLUSION:Oxidative stress takes key point in the development of diabetic nephropathy,and antioxidation may be the possible mechanism of the neohroprotective action of calcium dobesilate.

Objective To investigate the effect of miR-20b on cell proliferation and cell cycle in gastric cancer because of up-regulation of miR-20b in gastric cancer.Methods miR-20b mimics and its inhibitor were respectively transfected into MGC 803 gas-tric cancer cell and methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium ( MTT ) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting ( FACS ) were used to analyze cell growth and cell cycle.Western blot was used to explore the molecular basis of miR-20b.Results Compared with its control, cell growth was obvious elevated and the cell cycle transition was also increased from G 1 to S phase after miR-20b mimics transfection .After transfecting miR-20b inhibitor, cell growth was markedly decreased and cell cycle transition was also delayed from G 1 to S phase.Fur-thermore, miR-20b induced the expression of cyclin D1 (CCND1) and C-Myc, decreased the expressions of p21 and p15.Conclu-sions miR-20b was considered as a potential oncogene to modulate cell growth and cell cycle transition through regulating the expres -sion of cell cycle-related genes .

Objective To study the differential expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1(TIMP-1) in serum and decidua tissue from missed abortion and normal first trimester pregnancy,and to explore their function in early pregnancy .Methods The expression of MMP-9,TIMP-1 in serum was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA) ,and in decidua by immunohistochemical method . Results The MMP-9 serum level from missed abortion women was higher than that from normal first trimester preg -nancy women [(154.60 ±28.69)ng/mL vs.(135.75 ±18.35)ng/mL,t=3.50,P=0.001].The TIMP-1 serum level from missed abortion women was lower than that from normal first trimester pregnancy women [(253.03 ± 29.90)ng/mL vs.(323.15 ±33.62) ng/mL,t=9.86,P=0.000].The MMP-9 positive expression rate in decidua tissue was higher in missed abortion women than that in normal first trimester pregnancy women (82.5%vs.42.5%,χ2 =13.65,P=0.000).The TIMP-1 positive expression rate in decidua tissue was lower in missed abortion women than that in normal first trimester pregnancy women (87.5%vs.62.5%,χ2 =6.67,P=0.010).Conclusion The expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in serum and decidua may be assosiated with missed abortion .

Objective To further explore the relationship of CEA in gastric cancer tissue expression and serum levels,and seek after the prediction effect of serum CEA in the peritoneal metastasis.Methods Retrospective analysis of 38 gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis (group A) and 60 gastric cancer patients without peritoneal mnetastasis (group B),and analyze the first time in two groups of patients with preoperative serum CEA levels.The expression levels of CEA was examined by Immunohistochemistry method in primary tumors、negative margin and peritoneal metastases foci from group A and in primary tumors from group A,and the detection result of the statistical was analyzed.Results The expression of the first preoperative CEA serum levels in group A and group B was 73.68％ and 41.67％ respectively (x2 =9.604,P =0.002),and the two groups of patients with the first preoperative CEA serum levels was (74.00 + 6.00) ng/mL,(46.06 + 9.03) ng/mL,The two groups was statistically significant (t =4.715,P ＜0.01).In group A,the expression of CEA of primary tumors was higher than that of negative margins (x2 =29.587,P =0.000);the difference expression of CEA positive degree in gastric cancer primary tumors and negative margins was statistically significant(Z =-5.348,P =0.000).In peritoneal metastases foci the expression of CEA was 92.11％,that was 64.82％ in primary tumor(x2 =6.728,P =0.009);the difference expression of CEA positive degree in peritoneal metastases foci and primary tumors was statistically significant (Z =-5.397,P =0.017).In primary tumors,the expression of CEA in group A and group B was 68.42％ and 42.67％ respectively (x2 =4.450,P =0.035),the two groups of patients with the difference expression of CEA positive degree was statistically significant,the two groups was statistically significant(Z =-2.227,P =0.026).Conclusion Over expression of CEA might have a critical role in peritoneal metastases of gastric carcinoma.The differences of the expression of CEA in gastric cancer in different tissues may indicate the risk of gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis.

Objective To establish a method to evoke cerebral potentials by stimulating nociceptive fibers with contact heat evoked potential stimulator,evaluate the state of nociceptive system in patients with multiple sclerosis and assess the value of the potentials in multiple sclerosis(MS).Methods Thirty-six definite MS patients and 40 sex-,height-and aged-matched healthy persons underwent stimulation of contact heat delivered via a circular thermode to excite selectively nociceptors with a rapid rising time at 70℃/s to elicit pain and contact heat evoked potentiaI(CHEP).Thermal stimuli were sent at two intensity levels (47 ℃ and 51℃)to 3 body sites:volar surface of the forearm,the skin of leg 5 cm proximal to the medial malleolus and lumbar part.The CHEP were recorded from Cz.The relationship between the stimulus intensity and pain rating was observed,and the main components of the evoked potential were recorded.Then,somatosensory evoked potential(SEP)was examined in 36 patients with MS.Results CHEP were elicited reliably and stably in all control subjects.In contrast,in 4 patients there were no recordable CHEP on stimulation of the upper limb,and in some cases of lower limb(n=5).Conduction velocity of Aδ fihers was(18.1±7.3)m/s.The 21 MS cases had hypesthesia in upper limb and 29 cases in lower limb.The visual analog scale(VAS)for pain perception was higher in control subjects(upper limb:8.0±0.7;lower limb:7.9±0.7)than MS with hypesthesia(upper limb:6.1±0.9;lower limb:5.6±1.3,Z=-3.249 and -5.272,both P＜0.01).The group of patients (MS) with hypesthesia(upper limb 17 cases,lower limb 24 cases)had markedly reduced N-P amplitudes(upper limb:(30.5±12.8)μV;lower limb:(28.2±16.2)μV,t=-4.612 and -3.144,both P＜0.01)and prolonged N-wave latencies(upper limb:(387.3±34.2)ms;lower limb:(489.9±70.2)ms,t=4.790 and 4.798,both P＜0.01)compared with the control group in CHEP mediated by Aδ fibers.CHEP abnormality was observed more often in the lower(26/36,72.2%)than the upper limb(16/36,44.4%,P=0.031)and SEP(19/36,52.8%,χ~2=4.261,P=0.039).CHEP were abnormal in 3 of 15 skin areas with clinically normal nociception in upper limb,and in some cases of lower limb(2 of 7).Conclusions CHEP provides a clinically practical,non-invasive and objective measure,and can be a useful additional tool for the assessment of nocieptive system.Combined assessment of other Eps can help to document dissemination of demyelinating CNS lesions and detect subclinical lesions thus contribute to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.

Objective To compare the short-term clinical effect of K-Rod pedicle dynamic fixation system and lumbar fusion for multi-ple segmental lumbar degeneration.Methods Between January 2010 and October 2012,56 patients with segmental lumbar degeneration who were accepted K-Rod pedicle dynamic fixation system and posterior lumbar interbody fusion were retrospectively reviewed.The 56 patients were divided into K-Rod and fusion group,28 patients with K-Rod pedicle dynamic fixation system and 28 cases with traditional lumbar fusion and internal fixation.Clinical assessments were based on comparion of Oswestry disability index score ,visual analogous scale (VAS),im-provement rate of low back pain,postoperative lumbar spine X-ray,average operation time and intraoperative blood loss of two groups.Results All of 56 cases were followed up for 12 to 24 months,the difference of Oswestry disability index score and VAS between two groups were not statistically significant(P >0.05),but the difference of average operation time,blood loss and the average length of stay(ALOS)were statis-tically significant(P <0.05),the K-Rod group was superior to the fusion group.Conclusion In the treatment of multiple segmental lumbar degeneration both K-Rod pedicle dynamic fixation system and traditional lumbar fusion can obtain satisfactory short-term clinical effect,but the K-Rod pedicle dynamic fixation system has advantages of less intraoperative blood loss,shorter operation time,postoperative small effects on lumbar spine mobility.