This study was an attempt to excise or transplant optic vesicles, and excise or transplant presumptive lens ectoderms, by means of microscopic manipulations. Its purpose was to explore the dependence of the development of lens on the eye cup and the ability of induction of the eye cup to develop lens in liana nigromaculata, R. limnocharis, and Kaloula barealis, which are frequently used in experimental embryology in China. The results show that their lenses cannot develop without eye vesicles. This indicates that they belong to the pattern of dependent differentiation. The results also indicate that the situation of forming lenses from ectoderms under induction of eye cup is different in three kinds of frogs: the lenses can be frequently formed from ectoderm of both Lead and abdomen in Rana nigromaculata; but the frequency of lens formation from ectoderm of abdomen is rather low in R. limrocharis; and only the ectoderm of head is positive in Kaloula barealis. The interrelation in size between the eye cup and the lens was recorded. The formation of a secondary eye cup from brain wall under condition of the contact with the presumptive lens ectoderm was reported too. In addition, it was found that the temperature might have influence on eye differentiation.

The mesenchymal cells were carefully scraped off from the optic vesicles or eye cups at 15 to 24 stages in Rana limnocharis by a hair loop (those specimens from 21 to 24 stages were treated with trypsin in order to separate the mesenchymal cells easier) and then the optic vesicles or eye cups were transplanted into the coelom of tadpoles for 1 to 2 weeks. The transplantation of the eye cups Without scraping mesenchymal cells off at 21 to 24 stages were used as control. The results are as follows: 1.The pigment epithelium of eye, which was transplanted at 15 to 20 stages, (the pigment epithelium have not differentiated at those stages) can not fully develop or only a tiny piece of pigment epithelium layer occurs. 2.The pigment epithelium of eye, which was transplanted at 21 to 24 stages, (the pigment epithelium have differentiated at those stages) can develop, but separates itself from the normal position and hangs outside the eye or curls inside the cavity of eye in a vesicular form. 3.In the intact mesenchymal cells, the pigment epithelium of eye, which was transplanted at 21 to 24 stages, can develop well and remain in normal position. These results suggest that the mesenchymal cells might have an important effect on the development and morphology of eye pigment epithelium before and after its differentiation. Before differentiation of pigment epithelium, the existence of mesenchymal cells is a necessary condition for its normal differentiation; after its differentiation, the mesenchymal cells might play a mechanical role to keep the pigment epithelium layer in normal position.

It is well-known that the presumptive significance of every part of the optic vesicle has already been decided. The centrifugal part (i. e. the far end wall) of the optic vesicle is called presumptive retina and its centripetal part, (i. e. the near end wall) the presumptive pigment epithelium. In the present study, we caused the latter to come into contact with different tissues and organs by transplanting and excising for the purpose of observing whether it would be able to alter normal course and form retina. The experimental material was the embryos of frogs (Rana nigromaculara, R. japonica and Bufo bufo gargarizans). The experiment was divided into two groups: (1) brought presumptive pigment epithelium into contact with presumptive lens ectoderm, head ectoderm and abdomen ectoderm; (2) brought it into contact with other organs and tissues, including otic vesicle, pericardial membrane, nephridial tubule, pharyngeal wall, muscle, coelomic membrane, hepar, and cartilage.The results indicate that the contact with three kinds of ectoderm can alter normal course of development of presumptive pigment epithelium, transform it into retina and further produce secondary eye cup. As regard to its frequency of transformation into retina, the highest is in the case contacted with presumptive lens ectoderm; in the case contacted with head ectoderm come next and the lowest in the case contacted with abdomen ectoderm. The results also show that the above-mentioned organs and tissues can cause similar reactions, but the frequency of transformation is lower than that caused by abdomen ectoderm, and there are very few secondary eye cups which appear only under the conditions of contacting with otic vesicle, coelomic membrane and cartilage. This suggests that the action of the contact which brings presumptive pigment epithelium to transform into secondary retina might be an induction and material of induction widely distributed in the embryonic body.Two other reactions, moreover, were also found, i. e. the presumptive pigment epithelium was transformed into brain tissue and merged after the former came into contact with the latter, and the transplanted eye and the host eye fused in part or fully merged into a large eye when they came into contact.Above-mentioned phenomena further prove that the optic vesicle has a certain plasticity.

ObjectiveTo discuss the sonographic features of the urogential system in AIDS patients.MethodsThe positive sonographic lesions of urogenital systems of 336 AIDS patiens were analyzed retrospectively,with some compared with the results of aspiration biopsy,lab tests and clinical observation and treatment.ResultsThe ultrasonographic features of the pathological changes of the urogenital systems in AIDS patients were relative infectious diseases and relative tumors,which were respectively renal enlargement in 157 cases (46.73％),diffuse renal parenchymal disease in 129 cases (38.39％),urogential single infections in 125 cases (37.20％),and urogential cancer in 17 cases (5.06％).All of the above symptoms often developed in the same patient.ConclusionsThe ultrasonography of the lesions of the urogenital systems in AIDS patients are valuable documents for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Biopsy, Needle ; methods ; Bronchoscopy ; Child ; Humans ; Pediatrics ; methods

Objective To explore the value of endovenous laser treatment (EVLT) in treating the variceal ulcer of lower extremities (VULE).Methods Twenty cases of chronic venous insufficiency with VULE were treated with endovenous laser and received regular postoperative follow-up survey.Results No complication,such as burning of skin happened,all superficial varicose veins disappeared,and most of ulcers were healed within 2 -4 weeks after EVLT.Conclusion EVLT is one of the important methods which is minimally invasive and safe to treat VULE.

Objective To evaluate the acute side effects and efficacy of three dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) combined with gemcitabine chemotherapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods From January 2006 to December 2007, 90 cases with advanced NSCLC were divided into two groups, treatment group of 45 patients were tre.ated with 3D-CRT and gemcitabine, control group of 45 patients were treated with gemcitabine and conventional radiotherapy. Chemotherapy consisted of intravenously gemeitabine 350 mg/m2 on day 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36. Radioactive source was used with X ray of 6 MV or 15 MV. Irradiatial target area were lung site and mediastinal node. Results The complete remission (CR)and remission rate(RR) in centrol group were 5 cases (11.1%) and 28 cases(62.2%), but in treatment group were 13 cases (28.9%) and 38 cases (84.4%), respectively. The difference of response rate in two groups was significant(P < 0.05). The rate of acute radiation-induced pneumonifis and esophagitis in control group (28.9%, 35.6%)were higher than those in treatment group (11.1%, 17.8%), there were significant difference between two groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions Concurrent application of gemcitabine and 3D-CRT can improve the RR for locally advanced NSCLC, and the acute toxicity are lower than those of gemcitabine and conventional radiotherapy. The clinical study is needed, but the late effect shoud be followed.

Objective To study the clinical value of treatment for malignant bone tumors by interventional chemoembolization combined radiotherapy.Methods Forty-four patients with malignant bone tumors were divided into two groups.In the study group(group A),29 cases were treated by infusion of lipiodol with chemotherapeutic drugs,and the tumor feeding arteries were embolized with PVA partials and Gelatin sponge or steel coils,then regional radiotherapy were administered regularly.In the control group(group B),15 cases received radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy.All the cases were followed up for 6 to 36 months.Results Marked improvement of the symptoms and tumors decreased in size and volume in patients of group A was noticed.Six of them were operated successfully.The 6-,12-,36-month local control rates in group A were 3.5%,13.8% and 51.7%.and the(6-),12-,36-month survival rates were 100.0%,93.1% and 48.3%.The difference of local control rates and the difference of survival rates between the two groups were significant(P

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitors in the treatment of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus and its effect on blood pressure and body weight.Methods A total of 100 newly diagnosed elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled in this study from July 2013 to June 2015 in this hospital.They were divided into observation group and control group(n=50).The control group was treated with placebo on the basis of diet control and exercise.The observation group was treated with sitagliptin on the basis of diet control and exercise.Fasting plasma glucose(FPG),2 h postprandial blood glucose(2 h PG) and glycated albumin (GA) were measured before and after treatment,and the incidence rate of hypoglycemia,blood pressure,body weight and other adverse reactions were monitored.Results After treatment,two groups of patients,condition were significantly improved,FPG,2 h PG,GA changes in observation group were significantly better than that of control group,the difference were statistically significant(P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in blood pressure,body weight and body mass index before and after treatment,and also between the two groups(P＞0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group and the control group were 10.0％ and 8.0％,The incidence of adverse reactions in the two groups was not statistically significant(P＞0.05).Conclusion The clinical efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitor siglitazide in the treatment of newly diagnosed elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is good,and it is very useful in the treatment of these patients.

Three types of microscopic operations were used in this study: 1. excision of the optic vesicle alone; 2. after excising the optic vesicle, a piece of forebrain tissue taken from another donor was inserted in between presumptive lens ectoderm and forebrain wall; 3. cut down the optic vesicle and portion of forebrain tissue and replaced them back in situ by turning over 180?. The operations were carried out on Rana nigromaculata at 15 and 16 stages, in order to bring the presumptive lens ectoderm to come into contact directly with the forebrain tissue for the purpose to analyse the possibility of eye cup formation from the brain wall. The results indicate that the forebrain wall which came into contact with the presumptive lens ectoderm could be induced and differentiated into a secondary eye cup or retina. A total of 81 cases of secondary eye cups among 282 operations (28.8%) were observed. The mechanism for the induction and its significance were discussed.