With the rapid development of science and technology,respiratory endoscopy has entered the era of interventional pulmonology.Pediatric endoscopy in our country lags behind in the adult department.In recent years,pe diatric colleagues in China according to the characteristics of the pediatric pioneering the application of thermal ablation (electric coagulation,argon plasma coagulation,laser cutter);cryotherapy;balloon dilatation;tracheal stent were used in pediatrics.Application of new interventional techniques plays a revolutionary progress both in diagnosis and treatment on pediatric respiratory system infection,allergy,interstitial lung disease or in airway tumor,tuberculosis,trauma,airway stenosis caused by external pressure and congenital dysplasia.Pediatric endoscopy from the national level of management and standardization,and training will make our pediatric respiratory endoscopy more rapid and stable development.

Pediatric bronchoscopy has been understanded by Chinese pediatricians,physicians,earnose-throat doctors and surgeons.It is quite safe and reliable.It is the effective means for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric diseases.Neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser,high-frequency electric coagulation (high-frequency electric knife),argon plasma coagulation,microwave coagulation,cryotherapy,balloon bronchoplasty,tracheal,bronchial stent,and pollution prevention sampling brush have been used in Chinese pediatric clinic,and achieved a important breakthrough.They have really improved the level of diagnosis and treatment of pediatric diseases.We need to explore more new field and techniques of pediatric interventional pulmonology,and we should have sufficient preparation.

Airway obstruction in children is a rare,in recent years,with the development of CT technology and the development of fiber bronchoscopy,the number of cases of children with tracheal stenosis has increased year by year,but difficult clinical problem,with no clear agreement on optimal therapeutic approach.Stenting of the airway has been used successfully in adults,and is an attractive alternative in children.Fundamental differences of pediatric compared to adult use include the benign nature of most stenoses,the narrow and soft airways of children,the required long-term tolerance and adaptation to growth.So it is controversial in the indications.

The children with pulmonary hypermastigote infection,has not been reported at home and abroad.In recent years,we have carried out the children's electronic bronchoscopy,bronchoalveolar lavage fluid routine smear examination,found a lively movement round or oval body-hypermastigote.Metronidazole treatment is effective in controlling the disease.After discovery,understanding,rediscovery,reunderstanding,now have a preliminary understanding of the disease,first reported as follows.

Objective To observe the effect of dexmedetomidine in cerebral aneurysm embolization in pa-tients with hypertension. Methods Sixty patients with hypertension undergoing emergency cerebral aneurysm em-bolization were randomly divided into two groups:research group(dexmedetomidine given group) and control group. SBP,DBP,HR,plasma norepinephrine(NE):baseline value(T0),before intubation(T1),after intubation (T2),after extubation(T3). Extubation time and anesthetic-related complications were also recorded. Results The hemodynamic parameters and plasma norepinephrine concentration in the research group were more stable than those in the control group at different time point during perioperative period. There was no difference between two groups about extubation time. The incidence of anesthetic-related complications in research group was lower than control group(P < 0.05). Conclusions Dexmedetomidine can reduce the stress response of intubation ,extuba-tion and perioperative hemodynamic fluctuations in cerebral aneurysm embolization in patients with hypertension. It can also reduce the consumption of prorofol and the incidences of adverse effects.

AIM:To set up a method of simultaneously determining the contents of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in Zhisou Lixiao Oral Liquid (Herba Ephedrae, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae, Semen Raphani, etc). METHOD: The HPLC-quantitative analysis was carried out on a column of Sinochrom ODS-BP by using a mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.02 mol/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH=2.7), (4∶100, with 0.1% triethylamine) under a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. 207 nm was selected as the wavelength of detector. RESULTS: The linear range of ephedrine was 20.8-208.0 ?g/mL(r=0.999 7) and pseudoephedrine's was 15.0-150.0 ?g/mL(r=0.999 8). The recoveries of them were all between 95% and 105%(RSD

Objective:To investigate the effects of nitric oxide(NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) rat model.Methods:An intra-aortic elastase infusion model was used.Control rats received intra-aortic saline infusion.In the remaining groups,intra-aortic elastase infusion was used to induce aneurysm formation.These rats were treated with intraperitoneal injections of saline postoperatively(experimental group),aminoguanidine postoperatively(medicine group).Serum NO and aortic diameter were measured,Changes of histology,iNOS and MMP-9 were observed in the aortic wall.Results:Experimental group produced AAAs with significant production of iNOS,MMPs and serum NO compared with controls.In medicine group reduced aneurysm size and displayed suppression of MMPs expression,inflammatory infiltrates and serum NO production were detected.Conclusion:Expression of iNOS and MMP-9 are induced and serum NO levels are increased in experimental AAA,iNOS and NO production by iNOS play an important role with detrimental effects during experimental aneurysm development.

Biopsy, Needle ; methods ; Bronchoscopy ; Child ; Humans ; Pediatrics ; methods

Based on the first hand cardiothoracic surgical training experiences in Australia, the author introduced the Australian surgical training system's objective, structure, outline and specific training methods as well as its contents in detail. Its overall characters can be summarized as high standard, strict requirement and equal stress on both theory and practice. Hopefully, this introduction and reflection may shed some light on the improvement and evolvement of the resident training system in China.

Objective 22q11 microdeletion is featured with hemotological dysfunction,among others:hypocalcemia,thrombocytopenia and megathrombocyte.This study was trying to work out the platelet characteristics of 22q1 1 microdeletion patients and its potential clinical application.Methods A total of 80 cases who had undergone open-heart surgery were selected and confirmed with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to have 22q1 1 microdeletion among 40 cases while the others were negative.The relevant data in full blood routine of all the 80 cases in hospital information system (HIS) then were collected and analyzed with suitable statistical methods.Results The mean platelet volume in microdeletion group was statistically higher than that in the control group [(11.20 ± 1.94)fL vs (8.95 ± 1.58) fL,P ＜0.01].The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.82,meaning significant predictive values.The corresponding sensitivity and specificity for mean platelet volume (MPV) =10 fL were 70.0 ％ and 80.0 ％,respectively.Conclusions MPV in congenital heart defect patients with 22q11 is significantly higher than those without 22q11.It is an effective method for preliminary screening 22q11.Being obtained from full blood routine data,it is economic and quick.MPV =10 fL can be used as a cutoff for guidance for irradiated blood transfusion postoperatively.