Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive,obligate anaerobic bacillus,which is one of the most common pathogenic bacteria of antibiotic associated diarrhea,and can cause Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea.In recent years,the incidence of Clostridium difficile infection has increased significantly in the world with the excessive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics,the increase of strains resistance,and the emergence of hypervirulent strains.This paper presents a brief review on research progress of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea.

AIM : To investigate the effects of Ca 2+ /CaM dependent calcineurin(CaN) signaling pathway on cardiomyocytes hypertrophy of rat induced by neuropeptide Y(NPY). METHODS : Cardiomyocytes of neonatal Wistar rats were cultured with NPY of various concentrations (10,100 nmol?L -1 ). Cyclosporine A (CsA) was used to inhibit the activity of CaN. The methods of 3H Leu incorporation was used to assess protein synthesis rate in cardiomyocytes. Western blot and histochemistry were used to measure CaN protein expression and CaN activity in cardiomyocytes. RESULTS : 3 H Leu incorporation of cardiomyocytes were increased significantly by 100 nmol?L -1 NPY ( P

Objective To study the effects of cluster nursing intervention on dysuria in hospitalized patients after renal biopsy. Methods A total of 106 hospitalized patients undergoing renal biopsy during April. 2016 to September. 2016 were divided into control group (50 cases) and experimental group (56 cases) by random number table method. The control group were implemented with traditional methods of care and the experimental group were implemented with cluster nursing intervention.The incidence of dysuria, first average urination time and post-operative urination pattern were compared between two groups. Results The incidence of dysuria in the experimental group was 10.7%(6/56), which was significantly lower than 28.0% (14/50) of the control group (χ2=5.156, P<0.05).The first average urination time of experimental group was (2.95±1.17) hours, which was lower than (5.04±2.27) hours of the control group (t =5.401, P<0.05). The proportion of patients with post-operative self-urination in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (χ2=6.152, P<0.05). Conclusions Cluster nursing intervention can reduce the incidence of dysuria, shorten the first average urination time, promote post-operative self-urination of patients after renel biopsy and enhance comfort.

OBJECTIVETo establish the best processing technique of Radix Kansui stir-baked with vinegar.

METHODThe best processing technique was gained through determining the content of 3-O-(2'E, 4'Z-decadienoyl)-20-O-acetylingenol by HPLC as the index, and orthogonal design experiment-L9 (3(4)) was used to investigate the factors of vinegar amount, baked time and temperature.

RESULTThe best processing technique was to add 30% vinegar and bake 9 minutes at 260 degrees C.

CONCLUSIONThis best processing technique is stable, feasible and good repetition.

Acetic Acid ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Euphorbia ; chemistry ; Hot Temperature ; Time Factors

Objective To analyze the trend of death level and the probability of premature death caused by gastric cancer in Jinshan District, Shanghai from 1980 to 2019, and to provide a basis for formulating prevention and control measures of gastric cancer. Methods The death cases of gastric cancer were collected through the death cause registration system in Jinshan District, and the crude gastric cancer death rate, standardized death rate, age group death rate, premature death probability and annual change percentage were calculated. Results From 1980 to 2019, the crude mortality of gastric cancer in Jinshan District was 22.38/100 000, and the standardized mortality was 13.85/100 000. Over these 40 years, the standardized mortality of gastric cancer showed a downward trend in both males and females (APC=-3.69%, -3.39%, P<0.001). In different periods, the mortality of gastric cancer in all age groups decreased. Over the past 40 years, the probability of premature death caused by gastric cancer showed a downward trend in both males and females (APC=-4.32%, -4.24%, P<0.001), but there was no significant downward trend in the probability of premature death caused by gastric cancer in males and females in the past 10 years. Conclusion Over the past 40 years, the mortality rate and the probability of premature death of gastric cancer in Jinshan District have shown a downward trend. However, gastric cancer is still one of the major malignant tumors that seriously threaten the health of residents in Jinshan District. Comprehensive prevention and treatment measures should be taken to reduce the mortality and the probability of premature death of gastric cancer.

Objective To investigate the association between the value of α-thalassemia minor and the outcomes in pregnant women.Methods A total of 445 pregnant women with α-thalassemia minor were selected as thalassemia group in the Pingguo County Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi from January 2011 to December 2015,with ratio of 1 ∶ 4 healthy pregnant women was randomly recruited as non-thalassemia group.Clinical characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of the two groups were retrospectively analyzed using methods including t test,x2 test,and logistic regression model and ROC curve.Results There were no significant differences noticed in factors as age,BMI,gestational age and educational level of the two groups.Hemoglobin of the thalassemia group was significantly lower than that of the non-thalassemia group (P＜0.001).Differences on parity,ethnicities or occupation were statistically significant.Results from univariate analysis showed that the proportions of low birth weight,small for date infant and 1 min Apgar score ＜7 were higher in the thalassemia group,but the ratio of adverse pregnancy outcomes was comparable on parameters as preterm birth,stillbirth,macrosomia.Findings from the unconditional logistic regression showed that pregnancy complicated with α-thalassemia minor appeared a risk for both newboms with low birth weight (aOR=2.29,95％CI:1.32-3.95) and small for date infant (aOR=2.11,95％ CI:1.16-3.84).The ROC curve showed that α-thalassemia minor combined with multiple indicators presented a certain predictive value on neonatal birth weight.Conclusion Pregnancy complicated with α-thalassemia minor was likely to increase the risk of birth weight loss in newborns,suggesting that prenatal care for pregnant women with thalassemia be strengthened,in order to reduce the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Objective To analyze the trend of death level and the probability of premature death caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Jinshan District of Shanghai from 1980 to 2020, and to provide reference for the formulation of prevention and control measures of COPD. Methods The death cases of COPD in Jinshan District from 1980 to 2020 were collected through the death cause registration information system. The crude mortality, standardized mortality, age group mortality, early death probability and annual change percentage in different periods were calculated. Results From 1980 to 2020, the crude mortality of COPD in Jinshan District was 154.38/100 000, and the standardized mortality was 82.66/100,000. In the past 41 years, the standardized mortality of COPD showed a downward trend in males and females (APC=-1.79%, -2.52%, P<0.001). In the same period, the mortality of COPD in subjects aged 30-69 years old and subjects aged 70 years old and above also decreased (APC=-8.79%, -4.79%, P<0.001), and the probability of premature death caused by COPD showed a downward trend in males and females (APC=-9.61%, -10.71%, P<0.001). Conclusion The mortality rate and the probability of premature death of COPD in Jinshan District have decreased in the past 41 years. However, COPD is still one of the major chronic diseases that pose a serious threat to the health of residents in Jinshan District. Comprehensive prevention and treatment measures should be taken to reduce the mortality and the probability of premature death of COPD.

Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS) is the most accurate method for high-throughput detection of intracellular metabolite concentrations, and the key is getting the corresponding fully uniformly(U) ¹³C-labeled metabolites to be measured. The conventional procedure for getting fully U ¹³C-labeled metabolites is through batch cultivation, but intracellular metabolites concentrations by this method are generally low. By applying U ¹³C-labeled glucose pulse, combined with fast sampling and quenching, mixture of fully U ¹³C-labeled intracellular metabolites was successfully extracted with higher concentration from Pichia pastoris G/DSEL fed with fully U ¹³C-labeled glucose as only carbon source. Quantitative results from liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS) show that concentrations of organic acids, sugar phosphates, amino acids and nucleotides were 2-10 folds higher than those without glucose pulse. Therefore, the glucose pulse method can efficiently improve the usage of fully U ¹³C-labeled glucose converting to ¹³C-labeled metabolites, and achieve the detection of intracellular metabolites with lower concentrate than the instrument detection limit.