OBJECTIVE:To carry out the cost-effectiveness analysis of treating child bronchopneumonia with cefazolin,cefatrizine,cefataxime and cefuroxime METHODS:Using retrospective study and cost-effectiveness analysis,the costs of tre_atment of children with bronchopneumonia were calculated and pharmacoeconomically evaluated RESULTS:The costs of cefazolin,cefatrizine,cefuroxime and cefataxime in treatment of child bronchopneumonia were RMB 512 84,725 42,796 28 and 734 16 yuan and the cost-effectiveness ratios were 93 68,475 83,517 30 and 412 28 respectively CONCLUSION:In comparison with cefatrizine,cefuroxime and cefataxime,cefazolin is the most inexpensive one However,in evaluating the therapeutic cost of a drug, we should consider its therapeutic efficacy and course

Objective:To evaluate the effects of losartan、fosinopril and captopril on the excretion rate of urinary albumin (UAER) and the clearance of endogenous creatinine (Cr-C) in elderly patients. 　　Methods:In this study,162 elderly patients with stage of the 2—3 class hypertension were included,The patients were divided into 3 groups,that were losartan group and the fosinopril group and captopril group,the anti-hypertensive effects and UAER and Cr-C were determined before and after the treatment. 　　Results:The hypertensive effect rates were 94% in losartan group and 93%、93% in fosinopril group and captopril group respectively.Decrease of UAER was observed in 89% of patient in losartan group and 59%、50% in fosinopril group、captopril group.Cr-C were improved in 94%、78% of patient in losartan group and in fosinopril group and 63% in captopril group. 　　Conclusions:Losartan has better effects on UAER and Cr-C than captopril in elderly hypertensive patients.

Objective To construct and assess the competency scale for emergency physicians in our country. Methods Learning from the milestone project in America, we developed the scale through Delphi method . The application effect was evaluated among 81 emergency physicians by questionnaire survey. Excel was used to do data entry. SPSS 20.0 was adopted to do data analysis. Factor analysis method was employed to verify the structure validity of the scale. Results The competency scale comprises six dimensions and 13 items. The scale of total Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.98 and the split half reliability was 0.95. Two factors were extracted by principal component analysis with cumulative contribution rate of 86.5%. The differ-ences of competency score on six aspects of different ages, titles, working years and training situation were tested and all had statistically significant differ-ence (P<0.01). Conclusion The scale developed in our study can reflect the growth stage of the emergency physicians and serve the purpose as an evaluation tool for the competency of emergency physicians in our country.

Competency-based medical education and personnel training isbecoming a global trend, and the United States has developed a set of competence evaluation system to evaluate a pack-age of emergency, orthopedics, thoracic surgery physicians etc. in 26 specialties. This paper introduces the development background of the evaluation system, the structure of specialist competency evaluation form, content and methodologies , and uses emergency physicians for further evaluation to illustrate this. American physician competency evaluation system provides a unified framework for the country's medical graduates after graduating from medical education training. It helps tocombine process control withthe results ofthe evaluation, self-evaluation with the evaluation of others to makethe evaluation more objective and comprehensive . It can provide new reference to the evaluation and training of physicians in our country.

This study investigated whether the curative effect of short-pulse gastric electrical stimulation (GES) on the vasopressin-induced dyspeptic symptoms was mediated by central opioid peptide-producing neurons. Five female beagle dogs implanted with 1 pair of electrodes in gastric serosa were used in a two-experiment study. In experiment one, the brain was scanned by positron emission tomography in 3 dogs with and without short-pulse GES, and the radioactivity in nuclei of solitary tract (NST) and hypothalamus was detected. Experiment two was composed of 4 sessions. In session one, the dogs were injected with vasopressin in the absence of short-pulse GES. With session two, the short-pulse GES was simultaneously given via the electrodes with the injection of vasopressin. In sessions three and four, naloxone and naloxone methiodide was administered respectively in the presence of short-pulse GES. Motion sickness-like symptoms were scored and compared among the different sessions. The results showed that the short-pulse GES significantly increased the radioactivity in NST and hypothalamic nuclei (P<0.05, vs control). The short-pulse GES could ameliorate the vasopressin-induced motion sickness-like symptoms in dogs. Naloxone, but not naloxone methiodide could attenuate the curative effects of short-pulse GES. It is concluded that NST and hypothalamic nuclei may participate in the mediation of the curative effects of short-pulse GES on dyspepsia-like symptoms. Central opioid peptide-containing neurons presumably mediate the therapeutic effect on dyspeptic symptoms of short-pulse GES.

AIM: To study the current density of transient outward potassium current (I_(to)) in cells from the epicardial zone of the 1-week and 2-month infarcted rabbit heart. METHODS: Rabbits were infarcted by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, 1 week as well as 2 months later, the single ventricular myocytes were isolated enzymatically from the infracted area of 1-week infracted rabbit heart (PMI-1 week) and 2-month infracted heart (PMI-2 months), region remote from the infracted zone of 2-month infracted heart (REM-2 months) and free wall of left ventricule from noninfarcted heart (CON). I_(to) was recorded using whole cell patch-clamp techniques. (RESULTS:) Membrane capacitance of myocytes in REM-2 months group was signifitantly larger than that in CON. I_(to)current density (at +60 mV) was significantly reduced in PMI-1 week [(7.5?2.4) pA/pF, n=12] and PMI-2 months [(10.6?4.1) pA/pF, n=18] compared with CON [(17.4?5.2) pA/pF, n=16], P

AIM: To study the effect of experimental acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) on sodium and L-type calcium current in rat cardiomyocytes. METHODS: I Na and I Ca-L were recorded using whole cell patch-clamp techniques from left ventricular myocytes in ANP model established by retrograde injection of 3 5% sodium taurocholate 2 5 mL/kg into pancreatic duct. RESULTS: Peak I Na current density (at -30 mV) was significantly reduced in ANP [(12 45?2 26) pA/pF, n =16] compared with sham [(25 32?3 31) pA/pF, n= 14], P

Objective This study was designed to validate the utility of a population pharmacokinetic model established for vancomycin in patients with severe neurosurgical disease . Methods The clinical data including patient gender , age , body weight ,serum creatinine and albumin were collected retrospectively from patients in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital to calculate the steady trough concentration of vancomycin using the previously established pharmacokinetic model .The predicted value was compared with the actual value .Results During the period from March 2013 to March 2014 ,53 blood samples with serum trough concentration of vancomycin were collected from 42 patients .The average trough concentration of vancomycin was 10 .9 mg/L (range from 1 .6 to 49 .1 mg/L) .The predicted trough level of vancomycin based on the population pharmacokinetic model was significantly correlated to the actual value(r=0 .857 ,P<0 .001) .The mean absolute percentage error was 0 .407 9 . The confidence interval was 9 .36‐14 .07 for the predicted values ,and 8 .92‐14 .32 for the actual values .Conclusions The pharmacokinetic model is valid and useful for planning intravenous dose of vancomycin in patients with severe neurosurgical disease .Large error (about 30% ) was observed in estimation of body weight due to coma .Reduced renal function following contrast agent and/or diuretic drug has an impact on the predicted results . The accuracy of prediction can be increased to nearly 70% after adjusting the covariates .

ObjectiveTo study the effect of menbranous milkvetch root parenteral solution on insulin resistance of gerontism cerebral infarction in recovery stage.Methods66 patients with gerontism cerebral infarction were randomly divided into therapy group(33 cases) which received membranous milkvetch root parenteral solution and control group(33 cases).Both groups adopted routine treatment at the same time, the period was 20 days. Insulin(Ins), free blood sugar(FBS), total cholesterol(CH), triglyceride(TG), hemorheology and insulin resistance(indicating by index of insulin sensitive) of blood on empty stomach were evalutated before and after treatment. ResultsAfter treatment there was decrease in CH, FBS, FINS in therapy group than in control group(P<0.01 or P<0.05); the clinical effect in therapy group was better than in control group(P<0.01).ConclusionMembranous milkvetch root parenteral solution can significantly decrease insulin resistance, blood lipin, blood viscosity in recovery stage of gerontism cerebral infarction, and improve clinical efficiency.

Minocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic, is now known to protect cells via an anti-inflammatory mechanism. We further explored this effect using an in vitro model of ischemia-like injury to neurons. Coculturing neurons with microglia, the brain's resident immune cell, modestly increased cell death due to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD), compared to neurons alone. Treatment of cocultures with minocycline decreased cell death to a level significantly lower than that of neurons alone. Treatment of cocultures with minocycline or inhibitors of various immune mediators, also led to decreased cell death. Importantly, treatment of neuron cultures without added microglia with these same inhibitors of tissue plasminogen activator, matrix metalloproteinases, TNF-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase as well as minocycline also led to decreased cell death. Thus, anti-inflammatory treatments appear to be directly protective of neurons from in vitro ischemia.
Cell Death ; Coculture Techniques ; Glucose ; Ischemia ; Matrix Metalloproteinases ; Microglia ; Minocycline ; Neurons ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; Oxygen ; Tetracycline ; Tissue Plasminogen Activator ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha