Objective: To research the usability of the purpose-in-life test (PIL) for Chinese university students and evaluate the test’s reliability and validity. Methods: 1171 University students were measured by PIL, SCL-90 and Index of Well-being, and 140 University students were retested by PIL. Results: PIL had four factors (life feeling, life goal, life attitude and self-control) which were extracted by factor analysis. The split half reliability was 0.786, the Cronbach ?-co-efficient of PIL and the four factors were 0.878, 0.860, 0.809, 0.270, 0.406 respectively. The test-retest reliability were 0.837,0.849,0.630,0.314,0.728. The scores of Index of Well-being, the total scores of SCL-90 and the factor of depression were used as external criterion;the criterion correlation coefficient were 0.769,-0.504,-0.560 respectively. The correlations between the criterion and the four factors were significant (r=-0.240～0.787, P

Objective To evaluate the effects of valsartan and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on the excretion rate of urinary albumm(UAER) and the clearance of endogenous creatinine(Cr-C) in elderly patients.Methods 120 elderly patients with stage of the 2～3 class hypertension were included.The patients were divided into 3 groups,the valsartan group and the benazpril group and captopril group,the anti-hypertensive effects and UAER and Cr-C were determined before and after the treatment.Results No significantly different anti-hypertensive effects were observed in valsartan,benazpril and captopril.But the effects of UAER,Cr-C in valsartan group had significant changes compared with the other groups,and the three groups had significant differentiation(P

Objective To study characters of pathology associated with functional alteration of primary brainstem injury (PBI) at different injury severities in rabbits .Methods Animal model of graded PBI was produced using rabbits .Animals were di‐vided into five groups ,group Ⅰ to Ⅳ with an increase of impact power ,10 cases in each group ,and the control group with 5 cases . The pathology characters of PBI were investigated combining dissection observation with unaided eye ,tissue HE histochemical stai‐ning and electron microscope .Results Slight brainstem injury were observed in group Ⅰ ,and pathological results showed regional subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) ,stripping of regional cerebral pia mater ,a few petechial hemorrhage in surface ,nerve cell edema , normal medulla sheath and axon roughly .The brainstem injuries were apparent in group Ⅱ ,and the pathological changes indicated SAH in sheet ,petechial and sheeted hemorrhage in surface ,and slight swelling and vacuoles in nerve cells .The brainstem injuries were observed obviously in group Ⅲ ,exhibiting thick SAH ,petechial and sheeted hemorrhage in surface and inside ,degeneration of nerve cells ,abruption of axon ,and atrophy of axoplasm .Eight of ten animals died of respiratory depression induced by brainstem in‐jury in group Ⅳ ,presenting thick hemorrhage in subarachnoid surrounding brainstem ,the whole brainstem injured ,microscopically with multiple small hemorrhage ,nerve cells only residual nuclei ,myelin lamellar severe stratification and fracture ,and axonal tran‐section ,disintegration .No abnormal pathological changes were shown in control group .Conclusion The impacts to brainstem with higher powers lead to more manifest functional and more severe pathological changes ,with an alternation of injury location from surface to deep .

The development trend, countries, institutions, co-authors, and subjects in MEDLINE-covered papers were analyzed by Excel, Ucinet and SciMAT respectively in order to understand the current situation in studies on precision medicine, which showed that precision medicine is in a rapid development stage, the impact power of pa-pers on precision medicine published in United States of America is high, the source journals published in United States of America are the core journals in precision medicine, the academic level of papers on precision medicine published in United States of America is high. Co-authors analysis showed that the co-authors network is of the small world effect. Subject evolution analysis revealed that the subjects involved in studies on precision medicine are increasingly rich with genomics, drug treatment and oncology accounted a large proportion. Analysis of the evo-lution in genomics, drug treatment and oncology displayed that the subjects involved in studies on precision medi-cine have experienced macro-stage, micro-stage, and combined macro- and micro-stage.

Objective To detect the expression of AKT2 in human colon cancer and understand its relationship with PTEN.Methods The expressions of AKT2 and PTEN were detected in 30 patients with normal colonic tissues,30 patients with colon adenoma tissues,and 64 patients with colon carcinoma tissues by immunohistochemical SP staining method.Results The positive expressive rate of PTEN presented a trend of progressive decrease from normal tissues,adenoma tissues to colon carcinoma tissues,while the positive expression rate of AKT2 presented a trend of progressive increase.PTEN expression was obviously higher in normal colon tissues than in colon adenoma tissues and colon cancer tissues(?2=68.855,P

Five population groups, including farmers living in Veining (a cold hilly southern county), farmers and labourers in Shijiazhuang (a northern district), coastal fishermen in Zhoushan and "Yi" nationality farmers in Veining (where the incidence of hypertension is very low in China) were selected randomly (467 male subjects, 40-59 years old) to explore nutritional parameters-BP relationships. The results showed; (1) Pulse rate, QI and BP were lowest in Veining "Han" and "Yi" nationality groups. (2) Values of blood and urine nutritional parameters were in close accord with the diet customs of the different population groups. (3) Urine Na, Ca, Ca/Mg, urea nitrogen and serum cholesterol, total protein, albumin, uric acid were higher, while urine K was lower in hypertensives. (4) Urine Na, Na/K, Ca/ Mg and serum albumin, total protein, cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid levels correlated positively, while K inversely with BP on multivariate stepwise regression and/or discrimination analyses. These results suggested high Na (Ca)-intake might be hypertensive, while high K(Mg)-intake an-tihypertensive, the serum protein - BP relationship could not be ascribed as a secondary effect of hemoconcentration in hypertension; a high protein intake, regardless of nature, could be hypertensionogenic; hyperlipidemia seemed to be a risk factor of hypertension, not being the secondary consequence to high BP. In designing a strategic protocol for primary prevention of hypertension, the above should be given due consideration.

Eight populations including 4 Chinese districts and 4 nationalities 484 subjects (male, 40~59 years) were conducted for exploring amino acid (22 sorts)-BP relationship by multi-variate regression and discrimination analyses. Results showed:(1)The different amino acid levels found among "Ka-zak", "Han" and "Uygur" nationalities living in one of the same Xinjiang region might be a reflection of their diverse dietary patterns; while the difference seen between "Han" and "Yi" nationalities living in one of the same Quizhou area, taking similar diet, might be due to the inherited metabolic influence. (2) The levels of aspartic and (or) glutamic acids were the the highest in the Quizhou "Han" and "Yi" groups living in cold hilly area, while other amino acids were comparatively lower, in keeping with their BP, Quetelet's indices and serum urea levels to be the lowest, tentatively denoting that the tissue metabolic turnover rate might be also lower as well in these groups. (3) The serum levels of sulfur containing amino acids in those populations taking much animal foods, were all higher, therefor ethe lower incidences of cardio-cerebro-vascular diseases seen in fishmen can not be thus wholly ascribed to the high intake of fish meat rich in sulfur containing amino acids. (4) From BP regression equations, valine, cysteine, alanine, threonine were found to be the prohypertensives while glycine, leucine, methionine and phenylalanine,the antihypertensives.

AIM: To investigate the effect of oral clarithromycin on serum concentrations of aminophylline at steady state and its pharmacokinetics in New Zealand rabbits. METHODS: The serum concentration of aminophylline was determined by FPIA in rabbits given(po) aminophylline or aminophylline combined with clarithomycin. The experiment was divided into 2 stages: (Ⅰ)the subjects only received a four day course of oral aminophylline until steady state;(Ⅱ)aminophylline and clarithromycin were coadministrated from the d 5 to d 10. The dose of aminophylline was 30 mg?kg -1 and the dose of clarithromycin was 50 mg?kg -1 for each rabbit. The two series of pharmacokineticis parameters were tested by statistic analysis. RESAULTS: There was no significant variation in pharmacokinetic parameters between two stages. CONCLUSION: It is not necessary to change the therapeutic dose of aminophylline when the drug is taken in combination with clarithromycin.

BACKGROUND:Our previous studies have shown that a soft substrate has a significant effect on morphology and cytoskeleton of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel.
OBJECTIVE:To explore the effect of polyacrylamide gels as soft substrates with different elastic moduli on the chondrogenic differentiation of human synovial-derived mesenchymal stem cels.
METHODS:The synovium was harvested from patients with osteoarthritis under sterile conditions, and primary human synovial-derived mesenchymal stem cels were separated using limiting dilution assay. The flow cytometry and multi-directional differentiation experiments were used to identify the cel surface markers and function of the human synovial-derived mesenchymal stem cels, respectively. The polyacrylamide gels with the elastic modulus of 0.4, 6, 30 kPa, which were made using various amounts of acrylamide and bis-acrylamide, were used to culture human synovial-derived mesenchymal stem cels under induction with transforming growth factor-β1 for 7 and 14 days. RT-PCR was used to test the expression of chondrogenic genes, type II colagen gene and cartilage acidic protein 1. The 6-wel cel culture plates served as controls.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The human synovial-derived mesenchymal stem cels showed different cel morphology in the different elastic modulus of polyacrylamide gels. The expression of type II colagen gene and cartilage acidic protein 1 were affected by the different elastic modulus of polyacrylamide gels and culture time, and there was an interaction between these two factors. At 7 days of induction, the expression of cartilage acidic protein 1 gene on 6 kPa polyacrylamide gels was the highest (F=44.350,P=0.000); meanwhile, the expression of type II colagen gene on 0.4 kPa polyacrylamide gels was the highest (F=6.384,P=0.005). These findings indicate that polyacrylamide gels with lower elastic modulus are superior to routine culture plates to promote the chondrogenic differentiation of human synovial-derived mesenchymal stem cels.

Objective To evaluate the microstructural integrity of white matter (WM) in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) using voxel-based analysis (VBA), and investigate the relationship between WM abnormalities and gray matter(GM) atrophy.Methods Thirty-three cases with aMCI, 32 cases with mild AD and 31 normal aging volunteers as control subjects were scanned on a 3.0 T MR system using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled(3DSPGR) sequences. Fractional anisotropy (FA) maps and morphological images were preprocessed by SPM5 and voxel-based comparisons between the 2 patient groups and the control group were performed by t test. Results Relative to the control group, patients with aMCI showed significantly reduced FA value in bilateral frontal, temporal and left occipital WM, left anterior part of cingulum, left inferior parietal lobule, and the W M adjacent to the triangular part of the right lateral ventricle(k≥20 voxels).In mild AD,significantly reduced FA value was found in bilateral hippocampal,inferior parietal lobular,frontal,temporal,and occipital WM,bilateral corpus callosum,anterior part of cingulums,the WM adjacent to the triaangular part of the bilateral lateral ventricles,left temporal stem,left thalamus,right precuneus(k≥20 voxels).Significantly reduced GM volume was found in left hippocampus,parahippocampal gyrus,lingual gyrus and superior temporal gyrus,bilateral insulae and middle temporal gyri in aMCl group whencompared with control group(k≥50 voxels).In mild AD,significantly reduced GM volume was found in bilateral hippoeampi,parahippocampal gyri,amygdalae,thalami,temporal,parietal,frontal,occipital cortex(k≥50 voxels).The pattern of areas with reduced FA differs;from that of the GM volumetric reduction.No areas with significantlv reduced FA was detected in aMCl compared with mild AD. There was no significant correlation between FA value of WM in patient groups and Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE)scores.Conclusions Voxel-based MRI DTI analysis of whole brain white matter can objectively reveal widespread white matter abnormalities in early-stage AD.The difierence between WM FA reduction pattern and GM volumetric reduction pattern indicates that the pathological WM changes in earlyslage AD were caused by multiple mechanisms. FA did not vary significantly in patients pr0gressing from aMCI to mild AD and can hardly reflect the severitv of cognitive function damage in these patients.