ObjectiveTo reveal the mechanism of Zuogui Jiangtang Jieyu prescription against damage to hippocampal synaptic microenvironment via suppressing glutamate receptor 2 （GluR2）/Parkin signal-mediated mitophagy in rats with diabetes-related depression （DD）. MethodsEighty male SD rats underwent adaptive feeding for 5 days before the study. Ten rats were randomly assigned to the normal group. The model of DD rats was established with the rest by 2-week high-fat diet + streptozotocin （STZ） tail intravenous injection + 28 days of chronic unpredictable mild stress （CUMS） combined with isolation. The rats were randomly divided into a normal group， a model group， a GluR2 blocker group （5 μg·kg^-1）， a GluR2 agonist group （10 μg·kg^-1）， a metformin + fluoxetine group （0.18 g·kg^-1 metformin + 1.8 mg·kg^-1 fluoxetine）， and high- and low-dose Zuogui Jiangtang Jieyu prescription groups （20.52 and 10.26 g·kg^-1， respectively）. The rats in the GluR2 blocker group and the GluR2 agonist group were continuously injected with CNQX and Cl-HIBO in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus once a week starting from stress modeling， respectively， while the metformin + fluoxetine group and the high- and low-dose Zuogui Jiangtang Jieyu prescription groups were continuously given intragastric administration for 28 d at the same time of stress modeling. Depression-like behavior was evaluated by open field and forced swimming experiments. The levels of serum insulin and adenosine triphosphate （ATP） in hippocampus were detected by biochemical analysis. The levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT） and dopamine （DA） in hippocampus were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The autophagosomes of hippocampal neurons were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The morphology and structure of dendrites and spines of hippocampal neurons were evaluated by Golgi staining. Western blot detected the expression levels of GluR2 and Parkin proteins in hippocampus. The expression levels of GluR2， Parkin， regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis protein 3 （RIMS3）， and postsynaptic density protein 95 （PSD95） in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus were detected by immunofluorescence. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group exhibited reduced total activity distance in the open field and increased immobility time in forced swimming （P<0.01）， lowered levels of serum insulin and ATP， 5-HT， and DA in hippocampus （P<0.01）， increased autophagosomes of hippocampal neurons， significantly damaged morphology and structure of dendrites and spines of hippocampal neurons， decreased expression levels of GluR2， RIMS3， and PSD95 in hippocampus， and an increased Parkin expression level （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the GluR2 blocker group and the GluR2 agonist group showed aggravation and alleviation of the above abnormal changes， respectively （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The above depression-like behavior was significantly improved in the high- and low-dose Zuogui Jiangtang Jieyu prescription groups to different degrees. Specifically， the two groups saw elevated levels of serum insulin and ATP， 5-HT， and DA in hippocampus （P<0.05， P<0.01）， restrained increase in autophagosomes and damage to morphology and structure of dendrites and spines of hippocampal neurons， up-regulated protein expression levels of GluR2， RIMS3， and PSD95， and down-regulated Parkin expression level （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionZuogui Jiangtong Jieyu prescription can ameliorate the mitophagy-mediated damage to hippocampal synaptic microenvironment in DD rats， the mechanism of which might be related to the regulation of GluR2/Parkin signaling pathway.

To explore the effects of different exercise prescriptions on glycemic metabolism in East Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to compare the differences in the impact of population characteristics and exercise components on glycemic metabolism.

To investigate the correlation between vitamin D nutritional status and insulin resistance in pubertal adolescents.

With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technology, chatbots have shown great potential in the healthcare sector. From personalized health advice to chronic disease management and psychological support, chatbots have demonstrated significant advantages in improving the efficiency and quality of healthcare services. As the scope of their applications expands, the relationship between technological complexity and practical application scenarios has become increasingly intertwined, necessitating a more comprehensive evaluation of both aspects. This paper, from the perspective of he althcare applications, systematically reviews the technological pathways and development of chatbots in the medical field, providing an in-depth analysis of their performance across various medical scenarios. It thoroughly examines the advantages and limitations of chatbots, aiming to offer theoretical support for future research and propose feasible recommendations for the broader adoption of chatbot technologies in healthcare.

Cemental tear is a rare and indetectable condition unless obvious clinical signs present with the involvement of surrounding periodontal and periapical tissues. Due to its clinical manifestations similar to common dental issues, such as vertical root fracture, primary endodontic diseases, and periodontal diseases, as well as the low awareness of cemental tear for clinicians, misdiagnosis often occurs. The critical principle for cemental tear treatment is to remove torn fragments, and overlooking fragments leads to futile therapy, which could deteriorate the conditions of the affected teeth. Therefore, accurate diagnosis and subsequent appropriate interventions are vital for managing cemental tear. Novel diagnostic tools, including cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), microscopes, and enamel matrix derivatives, have improved early detection and management, enhancing tooth retention. The implementation of standardized diagnostic criteria and treatment protocols, combined with improved clinical awareness among dental professionals, serves to mitigate risks of diagnostic errors and suboptimal therapeutic interventions. This expert consensus reviewed the epidemiology, pathogenesis, potential predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cemental tear, aiming to provide a clinical guideline and facilitate clinicians to have a better understanding of cemental tear.
Humans ; Dental Cementum/injuries* ; Consensus ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Tooth Fractures/therapy*

OBJECTIVE To create a highly effective algorithm for automatically generating easily confused drug catalogs （ECDC）， as well as to develop a management system for ECDC based on this algorithm， in order to improve the management efficiency of ECDC. METHODS This study， based on Levenshtein distance algorithm， delved deeply into the automatic identification mechanism of easily confused drugs and the screening method for determining similarity thresholds， ultimately leading to the development of an algorithm for automatically generating ECDC. Besides a management system was designed and developed， using SQL Server 2008 R2 Express as the data storage platform and Visual Basic.NET as the programming language. RESULTS The similarity threshold δ played a crucial role in the algorithm for automatically generating ECDC. As the value of δ gradually increased， the total count of easily confused drugs decreased gradually， while the count of drug groups exhibited a pattern of initially increasing and then decreasing. Practically， ECDC could be created using either the generic or varietal names of drugs， with corresponding similarity thresholds of 0.75 and 0.83. Furthermore， ECDC management system had significantly reduced the time required to establish a catalog from about one week to less than one hour， resulting in a substantial enhancement in work efficiency. CONCLUSIONS The algorithm used to automatically generate ECDC is highly efficient and rapid， offering robust technical assistance for the management of easily confused drugs. Implementing the ECDC system can greatly reduce the time cost related to building and maintaining the catalogs， thus significantly improving the efficiency of managing ECDC.

Ferroptosis is regarded as a novel and regulatable form of cell death, with its main characteristics being abnormal iron metabolism and the accumulation of lipid peroxides. Although there have been breakthroughs in the research of ferroptosis in tumors and degenerative diseases, its research in skin diseases is relatively scarce. Starting from the development of the concept of ferroptosis, this article expounds the basic characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis. In the field of skin diseases, we emphasize the importance of ferroptosis and discuss in detail the research and application of ferroptosis in various skin diseases, aiming to provide effective guidance for the treatment and clinical practice of various skin diseases, and offer new ideas for the future research direction of skin diseases.

To fulfill the calibration requirements for absorbed dose to water in external beam radiotherapy,the summary offers a streamlined calibration procedure and recommendations in accordance with TRS-398(version 7)published by International Atomic Energy Agency in 2024.It addresses various considerations for reference measurement conditions in external beam radiotherapy and defines the appropriate scope for ionization chambers.In terms of ionization chamber measurements,it elaborates on the methods for measuring various correction factors and provides a table of beam quality conversion factors.The calibration uncertainty is examined by comparing the contributions of different factors before and after the update.The results demonstrate that using IBA FC65-G ionization chamber to calibrate high-energy photon beams,high-energy electron beams,proton beams and light ion beams results in relative deviations of-0.4％,0.5％,-1.7％and-1.3％as compared with the earlier versions,with relative standard uncertainties of 1.0％,1.1％,1.7％and 2.6％,respectively.The guideline which is tailored to the national radiotherapy dose calibration standards and practices presents an optimized calibration approach for TRS-398,allowing clinicians to conduct absolute dose calibration more efficiently and accurately.

Background Bacteria are the most diverse and widely sourced microorganisms in the indoor air of subway stations, where pathogenic bacteria can spread through the air, leading to increased health risks. Objective To understand the status and distribution characteristics of indoor air bacterial pollution in subway stations and compartments in a city of Central South China, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating intervention measures to address indoor air bacteria pollution in subways. Methods Three subway stations and the compartments of trains parking there in a city in Central South China were selected according to passenger flow for synchronous air sampling and monitoring. Temperature, humidity, wind speed, carbon dioxide (CO₂), fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), and inhalable particulate matter (PM₁₀) were measured by direct reading method. In accordance with the requirements of Examination methods for public places-Part 3: Airborne microorganisms (GB/T 18204.3-2013), air samples were collected at a flow rate of 28.3 L·min⁻¹, and total bacterial count was estimated. Bacterial microbial species were identified with a mass spectrometer and pathogenic bacteria were distinguished from non-pathogenic bacteria according to the Catalogue of pathogenic microorganisms transmitted to human beings issued by National Health Commission. Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the subway hygiene indicators in different regions and time periods, and Bonferroni test was used for pairwise comparison. Spearman correlation test was used to evaluate the correlation between CO₂ concentration and total bacterial count. Results The pass rates were 100.0% for airborne total bacteria count, PM_2.5, and PM₁₀ in the subway stations and train compartments, 94.4% for temperature and wind speed, 98.6% for CO₂, but 0% for humidity. The overall median (P₂₅, P₇₅) total bacteria count was 177 (138,262) CFU·m⁻³. Specifically, the total bacteria count was higher in station halls than in platforms, and higher during morning peak hours than during evening peak hours (P<0.05). A total of 874 strains and 82 species were identified by automatic microbial mass spectrometry. The results of identification were all over 9 points, and the predominant bacteria in the air were Micrococcus luteus (52.2%) and Staphylococcus hominis (9.8%). Three pathogens, Acinetobacter baumannii (0.3%), Corynebacterium striatum (0.1%), and Staphylococcus epidermidis bacilli (2.2%) were detected in 23 samples (2.6%), and the associated locations were mainly distributed in train compartments during evening rush hours. Conclusion The total bacteria count in indoor air varies by monitoring sites of subway stations and time periods, and there is a risk of opportunistic bacterial infection. Attention should be paid to cleaning and disinfection during peak passenger flow hours in all areas.

Skeletal maturity can reflect an individual's developmental status and predict their future growth potential, provide clinicians with valuable diagnostic information. In recent years, significant progress has been made in imaging techniques for assessing skeletal maturity. This article aims to review the application status and research progress of X-ray, MRI and ultrasound in assessing skeletal maturity in adolescents and children, with a view of providing clinical reference.