The paper briefly introduces the judging points about description fully disclosed and claims supported bydescription.Problems about patent writing are analyzed combining with specific cases,and some guidlinesare provided for authors in universities and scientific research institutions.

Microbial genome reduction and modification are important strategies for constructing cellular chassis used for synthetic biology. This article summarized the essential genes and the methods to identify them in microorganisms, compared various strategies for microbial genome reduction, and analyzed the characteristics of some microorganisms with the minimized genome. This review shows the important role of genome reduction in constructing cellular chassis.
Genes, Essential ; genetics ; Genetic Engineering ; Genome, Microbial ; genetics ; Synthetic Biology ; methods

0.8 mm) of carotid artery in patient group (42.3%) were more than those in control group (7.4%)((P45 yrs).Conclusion Cerebral infarction in young and middle-aged patients is closely related to atherosclerosis of carotid artery.

Starting from the current situation and problems in bilingual teaching, this article probes into the difficulties in promoting bilingual teaching in undergraduate education and gives the view of "teacher is the base, student is the subject and teaching material is the carrier". Combining the experience of bilingual teaching in Pharmaceutical University of China, the authors give some beneficial suggestions in the policy guidance, teaching material construction, teaching performance and teachers training.

Objective To explore the application of combined therapy based on the principle of machanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure by aspiratory pneumonia.Methods 32 cases of acute respiratory failure induced by aspiratory pneumonia were collected by retrospective analysis.Results With the combined therapy based on the principle of machanical ventilation,30 patients take a favorable turn.Conclusion With the therapy of anti-infection,energetic respiratory support,nutrition support etc,the patients'prognosis suffering from acute respiratory failure by cerebral apoplexy with aspimtory pneumonia ale fine.

Objective To evaluate the pregnancy outcome of women with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).Methods The medical records of 103 pregnant women with PAH admitted to Beijing Anzhen Hospital from January 2007 to March 2011 were studied retrospectively.Results (1) Degree of PAH and cardiac function.Among the 103 PAH,92 cases were patients with congenital heart disease and 13 cases were with rheumatic heart disease.They were divided by color doppler ultrasound into mild PAH group (34 cases),moderate PAH group (22 cases) and severe PAH group (47 cases).Per heart function classification,21 cases (20.4％,21/103) were class Ⅰ,44 cases (42.7％,44/103) were class Ⅱ,27 cases (26.2％,27/103) were class Ⅲ and 11 cases (10.7％,11/103) were class Ⅳ.More patients were class Ⅲ and Ⅳcardiac function in the severe PAH group than in the mild and moderate PAH groups,with statistically significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).(2) Delivery mode.There were 44 term delivery and 23 preterm birth in the 103 PAH patients.Sixty-three cases (94％,63/67) received cesarean section and 4 cases had vaginal delivery.There were 36 iatrogenic abortion (35.0％,36/103).The iatrogenic abortion rate in the severe PAH group was significantly higher than those in the mild and moderate PAH groups (P ＜ 0.05).(3) Perinatal outcomes.The full-term delivery rates in the mild and moderate PAH groups [80％ (20/25) and 14/17] were significantly higher than the severe PAH group (40％,10/25),respectively (P ＜ 0.05).And the premature birth rate of the severe PAH group(60％,15/25) was significantly higher than the mild and moderate PAH group [20％ (5/25)and 3/17,P ＜ 0.05].There were 4 neonatal asphyxia.The birth weight of mild,moderate and severe PAH groups were (3071 ± 443),(2910 ± 619) and (2381 ±589) g,respectively.The birth weight in the severe PAH group was significantly lower than the mild and moderate PAH groups (P ＜ 0.05).(4) Mortality.Nine cases naternal death happened,with a mortality of 8.7％ (9/103).All of them were severe pulmonary hypertension patients.Conclusions PAH is a serious complication during pregnancy.Women with mild PAH and normal cardiac function could continue pregnancy to full-term.Women with moderate PAH might continue pregnancy to 32 weeks under intensive care,cesarean delivery is preferable.Pregnant women with severe PAH should terminate pregnancy because of the high mortality.

Objective To assess the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Conditions of Learning Effectiveness Questionnaire (CLEQ). Methods To translate and revise the Chinese version of CLEQ. A total of 176 baccalaureate nursing students were surveyed by the Chinese version of CLEQ and the results about the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of CLEQ were assessed. Results Cronbach's α of the total Chinese version of CLEQ was 0.956. Cronbach's α of four subscales were all over 0.70. The internal consistency was good. The reliability of Split half was 0.926 and retest reliability was 0.869. CVI of the four subscales were 0.91～1.00. The average CVI of the scale was 0.94. There were significant relationships among subscales. The correlation coefficient was 0.691～0.829. Four common factors were found through factor analysis, which explained the percent of 61.63% rotation sums of squared loadings. Conclusions The reliability and validity of the Chinese version of CLEQ were good, so it could be used to evaluate the level of clinical learning environment among nursing students.

BACKGROUND: The commonly used research methods of lumbar biomechanics are animal model,physical model and corpse model respectively. However, each model has its own disadvantages.OBJECTIVE: To establish the finite element model of lumbarmotionsegments in order to provide theoretical basis for biomechanical research of lumbar.DESIGN: Single sample study based on healthy volunteer.SETTING: Orthopaedic department of a university hospital.PARTICIPANTS: The experiment was completed in the Orthopaedic Department of Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from December 2003to August 2004. A healthy male volunteer was chosen as a mock object.METHODS:CT scanning was conducted to the spine(T12 - S1) of a healthy volunteer by 2 mm layer and got 264 images. The 3D model of normal Chinese male L4 5 motion segments was built by combininglumbar images scanned by CT and anatomic data through 3DSMAX software. Then it was transferred into finite elementmodel by finite element analyzing software SAP2000.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Vertebral body model andintervertebraldisc model built by 3DSMAX software; ② Finite element model of motion segment made by SAP2000 software.RESULTS:The finite element model of lumbar L4-5 segments had been built. It had totally 2 120 nodes that include 1 728 Solid units, 592 Area units and 50 Link units.CONCLUSION: The finite element model of lumbar motion segments can be established through CT scanning, digital image processing and computer aid design to further study the biomechanics of spine.

The complex multidimensional visual patterns of facial expression is particularly well sui ted for studying perception and the processes underlying perceptual integration of component parts into a meaningful whole.With the high resolution in milliseconds,event-related potential (ERP) may be an excellent technique to track the time course of cognitive processing for facial emotions.Facial affective stimuli elicit particular ERP components involved in early processing of facial expressions,including:early sensory processing of visual stimuli:the P100;early structural encoding of facial features:the N170;second-order sustained activities necessary for consequent deeper processing:the posterior P2 and decoding of facial features to identify emotional content:the N250.We reviewed above mentioned ERP components respectively,in order to add the knowledge about ERP components as indicators of neural dynamics of facial emotion processing,and to provide a point of reference for further exploration on facial emotion processing that may be useful for understanding human cognition development and pathology.

Objective To survey the incidence of HIV/HCV co-infection and its epidemiological characteristics among drug addicts in Urumqi City.Methods From June to November,2007,1000 blood samples were collected sequentially from the drug addicts,who were admitted to Urumqi City Detoxification Center,for HIV and HCV detection by ELISA.The tests for screening,reexamination and confirmation were carried out under the guidance of the instruction for the use reagent rigorously,and the results were assessed according to corresponding technical regulation issued by authorities.The surveillance registration tables of drug addicts were filled for statistical study and analysis.Results The infection rates of HIV and HCV among 1000 drug addicts were 26.3% and 72.3% respectively.The co-infection rate of HIV/HCV was 25.5%.96.9% of HIV positive addicts were co-infected with HCV.There were significant differences in the infection rates of HIV,HCV and HIV/HCV co-infection between intravenous drug users and non-intravenous drug users.There were significant differences in the infection rates of HIV,HCV and HIV/HCV co-infection between Uygur and drug addicts of other ethnics.Conclusions A high co-infection rate of HIV/HCV exists in the drug addicts of Urumqi City,and even worse is that most HIV positives have co-infected with HCV.The infection rates of HIV,HCV and HIV/HCV co-infection in intravenous drug users are obviously higher than that in non-intravenous drug users.The infection rates of HIV,HCV and HIV/HCV co-infection in Uygur drug addicts are higher than that in other ethnics.