High mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) is the most representative substance in the alarmins family, it is actively or passively release to extracellular by the activation of monocyte/macrophage and the dead cells, and then it stimulates the production of a variety of inflammatory mediators, and increases the organism's inflammatory response through relevant receptors signaling pathways. In recent years, its concentration can reflect the severity of inflammation and injury and was related to the prognosis, HMGB1 has won more and more attention in the development of sepsis. By reviewing the study of HMGB1 in sepsis pathogenesis, signal pathway and reversal measures, it was found that HMGB1 was considered as an important inflammatory mediators and warning signal involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis, and was become a new target in the treatment of sepsis. Further research on the role of HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of sepsis is needed in the future, and the development of new drugs combined with HMGB1 will be used in the study of HMGB1 in animal experiments.

BACKGROUND:Metabonomics has been proved to analyze and observe the pathological process of rat myocardial infarction and the underlying mechanism. OBJECTIVE:To further analyze the metabolomic pathways of bioinformatics in rat models of myocardial infarction. METHODS:The experimental studies about rat myocardial infarction were retrieved from CNKI, WanFang, CqVip, PubMed and Embase databases. The metabolic products described in the literatures were col ected and summarized. Signaling pathways were analyzed using KEGG database molecular function annotation, the enzymes, translocators and their properties were analyzed by HMDB database. Metabolites pathway were visualized with MetPA. RESULTS AND CONSLUSION:A total of 26 metabolic products were identified in the included literatures and mainly participated in 29 metabolic pathways. Through topology analysis, 5 of the 10 metabolic pathways were selected and regarded as the metabolic pathways of myocardial infarction in rats, including aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis;glycine, serine and threonine metabolism;valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis;biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids;phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis. In conclusion, the bioinformatics analysis of metabolites in rats with myocardial infarction show that myocardial infarction is related to the metabolism and metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, proteins, fat and RNA.

Objetive To investigate physicians'knowledge regarding intravenous fibrinolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke and whether their hospitals could meet the requirements for the therapy. Methods Questionnaires were mailed to 500 physicians from 153 hospitals in Shanxi including 112 secondary and 41 tertiary hospitals. 370 physicians returned valid questionnaires. Results One hundred thirty-four hospitals (87.6%) could provide 24-hour computed to?mography service, including 95 (84.8%) secondary hospitals and 39 (95.1%) tertiary hospitals. Alteplase stock was avail?able in 59 hospitals (38.6%), containing 25 (22.3%) secondary and 34 (82.9%) tertiary hospitals. Accuracy rates of 13 questions regarding intravenous fibrinolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke ranged from 30.8% to 82.9%. Accuracy rates of 6 questions were lower than 50.0%. Conclusions The present study has revealed that physicians in this study have poor knowledge regarding the therapy. The situation can not meet the demand of healthcare, which partially ac?counts for the low rate in fibrinolytic therapy in Shanxi. Relevant training and suitable assessment should be carried out compulsively to ensure that physicians grasp necessary knowledge and skills.

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge，attitude and behaviors (KAB) of rural residents. Methods A correlative-descriptive design was used for the study. A cluster sampling of 1952 rural residents aged 18-60 years old in 8 villages of Lantian county was selected. Results The results showed as follows. The total correct rate of knowledge was 50.9%; 43.5% believed that the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in China indicated decline of the moral value; 71.3% never use condom when having sex in the past;There were positive relationships between knowledge and attitude,using condoms during sex and using condoms during first sex respectively (P<0.01). Conclusion The attitude and behavior on HIV/AIDS of the rural residents are largely determined by their knowledge.

Objective: To compare the changes of soft and hard tissue profiles of the adolescent patients with class II division 1 malocclusion between before and after treated with two different kinds of tooth extraction methods, and to provide the reference for clinical treatment. Methods: A total of 60 adolescent patients with class II division 1 malocclusion were included, and they were divided into 44/44 group (n=30) and 44/55 group (n= 30) based on different kinds of tooth extraction methods. Four first premolars of the patients in 44/44 group were extracted and 2 maxillary first premolars and 2 mandibular second premolars of the patients in 44/55 group were extracted. The measurement indexes of pre-treatment (Tl) and post-treatment (T2) and their difference values (T2 -Tl) of soft and hard tissues of the adolescent patients were detected by lateral cephalometric radiographs. Results: As for the hard tissue, compared with before treatment, the Overjet, SNA, ANB, Ul-NA, distance of Ul-NA, Ul-SN, NA-PA, and A-NP of the adolescent patients in two groups after treatment were decreasd (P< 0. 01), and Ul-Ll and Pog-NB were increased (P<0. 05 or P<0. 01); as for the soft tissue, compared with before treatment, the H angle, UL-SnPg', LL-SnPg', UL-ELine, LL-ELine, and Sn-HLine of the adolescent patients in two groups after treatment were decreased (P<0. 05 or P<0.01); B' LL-FH was increased (P<0. 01); there were no significant differences in the difference values (T2 - Tl) of measurement indexes in the soft and hard tissues of the adolescent patients in two groups (P>0. 05). Conclusion: The changes of soft and hard tissue profiles of the adolescent patients after treated with two different kinds of tooth extraction methods are not significant.

Objective To establish a stable and feasible animal model of acute cerebral infarction,and to evaluate it with functional magnetic resonance imaging and pathology.Methods Twenty-five S-D rats were randomly divided into five groups,and there were 5 rats in each group.Rats in group A were sham-operated for control study.Unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) was performed with improved thread in group B,C,D,E and were enrolled for MRI and MRS study at 3,6,12,24 hours after MCAO.All rats were examined by 1-hydrogen magnetic resonance spectroscopy(~1H MRS).Two or three rats in each group were sacrificed for 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC) staining of the brain and two rats for pathological examination after MRS.Results Rats in group A showed no change in brain on ~1 H MRS or pathological study.~1H MRS of the rat brains after right MCAO showed a decrease of N-acetyl-aspartate(NAA),an increase of Lactate(Lac) in all groups.There was no significant change of Choline(Cho) and Creatine(Cr) peaks onrats in group B,C,D.The peaks of Cho and Cr were slightly dropped in group E.Conclusion The acute regional cerebral ischemic model in rats made by our approach is stable and reproducible,and it is suitable for evaluation and study with functional magnetic resonancespectroscopy accurately and sensitively.

OBJECTIVE:To observe clinical efficacy of urinary kallidinogenase in the treatment of acute cerebral watershed in-farct (WSI). METHODS:128 patients with WSI were randomly divided into control group and treatment group,each of the 64 cases. Control group was given Shuxuening 15 ml added into 0.9% Sodium chloride 250 ml,ivgtt,qd;treatment group received urinary kallidinogenase 0.15 PNA added into 0.9% Sodium chloride 100 ml,ivgtt,qd. Both groups were treated for consecutive 14 days. Neurologic impairment score(NIHSS)and clinical efficacy were observed in 2 groups before treatment and 3,7 and 14 days after treatment. The blood specimens were collected after 7 and 14 days treatment,to determine serum levels of TCC. RESULTS:After treatment,NIHSS and total effective rate of treatment group were significantly higher than those of control group,with statis-tical significance(P<0.01). There was no statistical significance in TCC between 2 groups before treatment(P>0.05);7 days af-ter treatment,TCC level of 2 groups increased significantly,to 14 days,and a declive;the treatment group was higher than the control group,with statistical significance (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Urinary kallidinogenase can improve clinical efficacy of WSI significantly,and promote neurologic impairment symptom and TCC levels.

Objective To study the optimum determination conditions for lymphocytic proliferation by CCK-8 method in mice.Methods To study the different influence factors of spleen cell proliferation experiment stimulated by mitogen concanavalin A (ConA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS),including cell preparation method,lymphocytic density,FBS and stimulating agent concentration in culture medium,and stimulating immediately or 24 h after preparing cell,with cross design or two factor completely randomized design.Results Spleen lymphocytic proliferation rate of preparation method by light suppression was higher than that of the light grind.The appropriate concentration of spleen cells was 5 × 106/mL.The proliferation rate has no significant difference after being stimulated for 48 or 72 h by ConA (2,5,or 1 0 μg/mL) or LPS (10,20,or 50 μg/mL) under 10％,15％,or 20％ FBS concentration in culture medium.The proliferation rate of stimulating immediately after preparing cell was higher than that of 24 h after preparing cell.Conclusion The optimum conditions of Balb/C mouse spleen cell proliferation assay stimulated by ConA and LPS are as follows:preparation of spleen cells with light pressure,spleen cell concentration of 5 × 106/mL,direct stimulation with 2-10 μg/mL ConA or 10-50 μg/mL LPS in the day of preparation.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect and medical cost of different revascularization strategies for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients with multi-vessel disease (MVD).Methods A prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted. From January 2009 to June 2012, patients with AMI and MVD undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were enrolled. They were randomly assigned to group A [staged PCI for non-infarction related artery (non-IRA) within 7-10 days after AMI] and group B (subsequent PCI for non-IRA recommended only for those with evidence of ischemia). All of patients were given optimized medical therapy according to clinical guideline, and they were followed up for 24 months at regular intervals. Major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE) including recurrence of myocardial infarction and death due to cardiac ailments were recorded. Meanwhile, re-hospitalization from cardiac causes, recurrence of angina, heart failure, and re-PCI, number of stents, total hospital stay days, and total medical expenditure were recorded.Results A total of 428 patients accomplished the 24-month follow up. All the patients underwgennt PCI for non-IRA in group A (215 patients), while 62 patients in group B (213 patients) undergone PCI for myocardial ischemia, and 51 patients received non-IRA treatment. There was no significant difference in MACE incidence between group A and group B [8.4% (18/215) vs. 10.8% (23/213),χ2= 0.727,P = 0.394]. The difference of death rate due to cardiac causes (5.1% vs. 6.6%), recurrence of myocardial infarction (4.2% vs. 6.6%), and heart failure (4.2% vs. 7.0%) were not significantly different between groups A and B (allP> 0.05). The rate of recurrence of angina (14.4 % vs. 32.9%), re-hospitalization from cardiac causes (14.4% vs. 33.8%), and re-treatment of implanting stents (12.6% vs. 29.1%) were significantly lower in group A than group B (allP< 0.01), and the rate of revascularization was significantly higher in group A than group B (10.7% vs. 5.2%,P< 0.05). The total number of stents (610 vs. 366), mean number of stents per patient (2.83±0.91 vs. 1.72±0.91,t = 12.725,P = 0.000), and total cost per patient (kRMB: 63.7±12.6 vs. 51.5±12.3,t = 10.107,P = 0.000) in group A were significantly higher than those in group B. Total hospital stay days in group A was significantly less than group B (days: 8.21±2.45 vs. 9.89±3.23, t = 6.071,P = 0.000). Because non-IRA-vascular reconstruction rate was low in group B, the rate of usingβ-blocker and anti-anginal agents during the 24-month follow up in group B was significantly higher than group A [59.2% (126/213) vs. 47.0% (101/215),χ2= 6.371,P = 0.012; 56.3% (112/213) vs. 17.6% (36/215),χ2 = 64.704,P = 0.000]. Conclusions In patients with AMI and MVD undergone emergency PCI, staged PCI within 7-10 days for non-IRA cannot decrease the incidence of myocardial infarction and death due to cardiac causes, recurrence of angina and rehospitalization for cardiac causes was diminished, and it may increase the number of stents and medical cost significantly.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of agmatine (AGM) against peritoneal inflammatory response and neutrophil (PMN) infiltration induced by zymosan (ZYM) in mice. Methods Thirty-six adult male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into sham group, model group, and AGM treatment group. Peritonitis model was reproduced by intra-peritoneal injection of 1 mg/mL ZYM (0.5 mL), while equivalent phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was given to sham group. 200 mg/kg AGM was injected into peritoneal cavity after ZYM challenge in AGM treatment group. Six mice in each group were sacrificed at 2 hours and 6 hours, respectively, after reproduction of the model. Blood sample and peritoneal lavage fluid (PLF) were collected. The levels of keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukins-6 (IL-6) in serum and PLF were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The number of leukocytes and PMN in PLF were determined by hemocytometer and flow cytometry, respectively. Results Compared with sham group, all serum and PLF levels of KC, MIP-2, TNF-α and IL-6 were greatly elevated at 2 hours after ZYM injection in model group, while AGM treatment could dramatically reduce the levels of the above-mentioned cytokines in serum and PLF as compared with those of the model group [serum KC (ng/L): 990.7±137.9 vs. 2 053.2±262.7, MIP-2 (ng/L): 642.2±124.4 vs. 1 369.7±146.5, TNF-α (ng/L): 608.6±38.1 vs. 1 044.7±101.0, IL-6 (ng/L): 1 058.2±129.1 vs. 1 443.3±190.1; PLF KC (ng/L): 7 462.3±839.6 vs. 12 723.5±1 515.7, MIP-2 (ng/L): 1 570.8±193.4 vs. 3 471.4±384.7, TNF-α (ng/L): 1 115.8±156.7 vs. 1 499.2±231.2, IL-6 (ng/L): 2 646.5±223.2 vs. 3 126.7±291.4; all P < 0.05]. The expressions of KC, MIP-2 and TNF-α at 6 hours were significantly lower than those at 2 hours in model group and AGM treatment group, but IL-6 levels were further increased. The levels of KC and MIP-2 in serum and PLF at 6 hours were decreased to the levels of sham group. At 6 hours after the reproduction of the model, the number of total inflammatory cells and PMN of PLF in the model group was significantly higher than those of the sham group. In contrast, AGM notably lowered the number of inflammatory cells and PMN in peritoneal fluid after ZYM attack [total inflammatory cells (×109/L): 14.7±1.1 vs. 2.0±0.4, 10.1±1.2 vs. 14.7±1.1; PMN (×109/L): 11.37±1.22 vs. 0.18±0.05, 7.69±0.57 vs. 11.37±1.22, all P < 0.05]. Conclusion AGM can effectively alleviate acute peritoneal inflammatory injury induced by ZYM, mainly through reducing the secretion of inflammatory mediators and chemokines, and inhibiting the infiltration of leukocytes and neutrophils.