0.05) . The CREB-1 protein expression in cortex and hippocampus was significantly up-regulated while that in nucleus accumbens was significantly down-regulated in chronic morphine dependence and abstinence group (groupⅢandⅣ) as compared with control group. The CREB-1 protein expression in nucleus accumbens in groupⅣwas significantly lower than that in groupⅢ. Conclusion Acute morphine dependence and abstinence do not significantly affect CREB-1 protein expression in the brain. The changes in CREB-1 protein expression are different in different brain regions in chronic morphine dependence and abstinence rats.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of using combined lingual mucosa and buccal mucosa onlay grafts or foreskin flap urethroptasty for the treatment of long or multi-seg-ment urethral strictures. Methods Seven patients with long and 4 cases with multi segment urethral strictures(range 10 to 15 cm,mean 12)underwent substitution urethroplasty using combined lingual mucosa and buccal mucosa onlay grafts or foreskin flap urethroplasty.The patients'age ranged 24 to 56,mean 32 and the course of disease was from 6 to 96 months.Of the 11 patients 7 underwent com-bined lingual mucosa and buccal mucosa grafts urethroptasty,4 patients underwent combined lingual mucosa graft and foreskin flap Urethroplasty. Results The patients were followed up 5-1 2(mean 10)months postoperatively. Meatal stenosis developed 3 months postoperatively in 1 patient who un-derwent combined lingual mucosa and foreskin flap urethroplasty.The patient could void well after re-operation.The other patients could void well and the peak flow rate ranged from 2 1 to 3 6 ml/s(mean 26.8 ml/s). Conclusions Combined lingual mucosa and buccal mucosa onlay grafts or foreskin flap substitution urethroplasty may have the advantage of easier harvest,less trauma.It could be a good U- rethral substitution technique for the treatment of long or multi-segment urethral stricture.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of constructing tissue engineered corpora cavernosa smooth muscle by seeding human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells (HUASMCs) in acel-lular collagen matrices.Methods Acellular corporal collagen matrices (ACCM) were obtained from the penis of adult rabbits by a cell removal procedure.HUASMCs were isolated from human umbilical cords through explant techniques and cultured in vitro.Subsequently,HUASMCs were seeded to ACCM and cultured in vitro.After that,the seeded ACCMs were implanted subcutaneously in 9 BALB/C athymic mice.Animals were killed 10,20 and 40 days after implantation.The implants were retrieved and morphological examinations were performed to evaluate characteristics of the engineered tissues.Additionally,organ bath studies were performed to address the contractility of the engineered tissues.Results The deeellularization process successfully extracted all cellular components; colla-gen fibers maintained their original porous morphology and structure.ACCM could be reseeded with cultured HUASMCs in vitro,and HUASMCs had the potential of attachment and proliferation on the three-dimensional ACCM scaffolds.Histologic analyses of the explants from all time points demon-strated a progressive regeneration of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle,with structures very similar to those of the native corpus cavernosum,The maximum contraction force induced by phenylephrine and electrical stimulation was (3.64+0.18)g and (2.50+0.21)g.Conclusion HUASMCs can be seeded on 3-dimensional ACCM scaffolds and will develop a tissue similar to that of the native corpus eavernosum smooth muscle.

Objective To evaluate combined buccal mucosa and lingual mucosa grafts for urethroplasty in a dog model. Methods Seven female mongrel dogs were selected.After a segment of proximal urethra mucosa (4 cm×1 cm) was excised and onlayed,urethroplasty was performed by using the combined free buccal mucosa (2 cm×1 cm)graft which had been harvested from the inferior cheek and free lingual mucosa graft(2 cm×1 cm)harvested from the inferior lateral surface of the tongue.A 12 F urethral catheter was kept for 7 d.Retrograde urethrography was done and urethra diameter was calibrated with a 10 F catheter before animals were sacrificed at week 12.Then the grafted areas excised and evaluated grossly and histopathologically. Results All dogs survived during the procedure and there was no tongue or bueeal complications.One dog developed a severe urethral stricture at the proximal anastomosis site.The remaining 6 dogs voided spontaneously with no difficulty.Retrograde urethrography showed that no stricture or fistula formed.The combined buccal mucosa graft and lingual mucosa graft shortened from a mean (SD) of 4.00(0.15)to 3.75(0.23)cm (statistically.significant,P＜0.05).No stricture was found in the connection of the buccaI mucosa and lingual mucosa grafts.Histological examination showed that the combined buccal mucosa and lingual mucosa grafts were well-incorporated into the urethral walls and covered by a keratinized squamous epithelium.Neovascularization was evident beneath the grafts. Conclusion Combined buccal mucosa graft and lingual mucosa graft could be an option for urethral substitution.

Objective To explore the feasibility and the value of ultrasound transient elastography in the estimation of intraocular pressure.Methods Thirty-two cases of glancomatous patients' and twenty-eight healthy subjects'eyeball were examined by using ultrasound transient elastography,meanwhile using Photoshop image analysis software to quantitative analysis of blue gradation ratio of the front wall tissue of eyeball,then intraocular pressure were examined by NCT.The difference of quantitative data of blue gradation ratio of the front wall tissue of eyeball between glancomatous patients and healthy subjects were compared.The relationship of quantitative value of blue gradation ratio and intraocular pressure were established.Results The blue gradation ratio of the front wall tissue of eyeball in glancomatous patients were 0.37± 0.03,while in healthy subjects were 0.33 ± 0.02,there was a significant difference between glancomatous patients and healthy subjects (P < 0.01),and there was a linear relation between blue gradation ratio and intraocular pressure(r = 0.424,P < 0.05).Conclusions The ultrasound transient elastography can be used in estimation of intra-ocular pressure in glancomatous patients,and there is a linear relation in quantitative data between blue gradation ratio and intraocular pressure.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of using oral mucosal grafts (buccal mucosa and lingual mucosa) for urethroplasty in the treatment of anterior urethral strictures. Methods Between Jan 2001 and Dec 2010,255 patients with urethral strictures (length ranging from 3 cm to 18 cm,mean 6 cm)underwent one-stage onlay oral mucosal grafts urethroplasty.Two different techniques were used for urethral reconstruction.The first technique involved tubularized dorsal lingual mucosa graft (LMG) augmentation of urethral plate ; the second technique used dorsal patch graft urethroplasty.Of the 255 patients,49 patients with long-segment urethral strictures ( ≥ 8 cm) underwent dual buccal mucosal graft ( BMG),dual LMG,combined LMG and BMG or long-strip LMG urethroplasty. ResultsThe patients were followed up for 8 -120 months postoperatively ( mean 37 months).Of the 255 cases,230 cases voided well and the urinary peak flows ranged from 16 to 51 ml/s (mean 26 ml/s).The overall success rate was 90.2％.Seventeen cases developed a recurrence of urethral stricture.Among these patients,15 underwent BMG urethroplasty again and 2 underwent direct vision internal urethrotomy,after which the patients voided well.Eight cases presented with urethrocutaneous fistula,these patients underwent a second operation,after which,the urethrocutaneous fistulas were cured. Conclusions The buccal mucosa and lingual mucosa are excellent sources of graft materials for the repair of anterior urethral strictures.Combined two oral mucosal grafts substitution urethroplasty is an effective technique for the treatment of long-segment urethral strictures.

-β2 was positively correlated with OPG (r=0. 432,P<0. 01). Conclusions The reference ranges of serum TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 in healthy adult females are established. Both TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 of them are correlated with OPG and ieptin.

tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs) are an emerging class of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). A growing number of reports have shown that tRFs are not random degradation products but are functional ncRNAs made of specific tRNA cleavage. They play regulatory roles in several biological contexts such as cancer, innate immunity, stress responses, and neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the biogenesis and functions of tRFs.
Organelle Biogenesis* ; Humans* ; Immunity, Innate ; Nervous System Diseases ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; RNA* ; RNA, Transfer ; RNA, Untranslated

Objective To explore the outcomes of open reduction and internal fixation ( ORIF ) with transarticular screws for Lisfranc injuries and the postoperative incidence of symptomatic tarsometatarsal os-teoarthritis ( OA ) . Methods This retrospective study involved 28 patients who had been treated surgically at our institution between January 2009 and January 2015 for Lisfranc injuries. They were 18 males and 10 females, with an average age of 36. 1 years ( from 19 to 54 years ) . According to the Quenu-Kuss classifica-tion, 5 patients had type-A injury, 10 type-B injury ( 4 cases of type-B1 and 6 ones of type-B2 ) , and 13 type-C injury ( 8 cases of type-C1 and 5 ones of type-C2 ) . The patients underwent ORIF with screws for the 1st to the 3rd tarsometatarsal joints and ORIF with Kirschner wires for the 4th to the 5th tarsometatarsal joints within 2 weeks. After the Kirschner wires were removed 8 to 10 weeks postoperatively, progressive weight-bearing began. Functional outcomes were assessed according to the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ( AOFAS ) midfoot scores and visual analog scale ( VAS ) at final follow-ups. Results The mean duration of follow-up was 29. 9 months ( from 26 to 72 months ) . AOFAS scores revealed one excellent case, 22 good ones and 5 poor ones with an excellent to good rate of 82. 1％. The mean VAS score was 2. 8. Radiographic evidence of OA was noted in 20 patients ( 71. 4％, 20/28 ) , in 18 of whom ( 90. 0％) symp-tomatic OA was observed. There was no significant difference ( P=0. 399 ) in the incidence of symptomatic OA either between the patients with anatomic reduction ( 60. 9％, 14/23 ) and those without anatomical re-duction ( 80. 0％, 4/5 ) . Conclusions ORIF with transarticular screws can lead to good therapeutic outcomes for Lisfranc injuries. The incidence of symptomatic OA may not be related to the injury type or re-duction quality.