There are a wide variety of spiders on the earth and most them can secrete venom,which contains a variety of chemi-cal compositions that have multiple influences on organism be-sides toxic effects.The pharmacological efficiency includes cardi-ovascular and cerebrovascular activities,analgesic activities,an-tibacterial and anticancer activities etc.Ion channels are one of the important targets of spider toxins.They act on different ion channels,such as potassium channel,calcium channel and differ-ent subtypes of sodium channels.Therefore the spider toxins pres-ent different pharmacological activities and potential medicinal value.The venoms of spiders are less well studied than those from other venomous taxa such as conotoxin,scorpions and snakes etc. However,in recent years,spider toxins are turning to a new hot subject in related research areas.This review summarizes the lat-est progress in biological activities of spider toxins as well as its application in medical practice and development.

We investigated the genetic diversity and evolution of the M gene of human influenza A viruses in Hangzhou (Zhejiang province, China) from 2009 to 2013, including subtypes of A(H1N1) pdm09 strains and seasonal A(H3N2) strains. Subtypes of analyzed viruses were identified by cell culture and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, followed by cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of the M gene. Assessment of 5675 throat swabs revealed a positive rate for the influenza virus of 20.46%, and 827 cases were diagnosed as. infections due to influenza A viruses. Seventy-six influenza-A strains were selected randomly from nine stages during six phases of a virus epidemic. Sequences of the M gene showed high homology among six epidemics with identities of amino-acid sequences of 98.98-100%. All strains contained the adamantine-resistant mutation S31N in its M2 protein. Two of the A(H1N1)pdm09 strains had double mutants of V27A/S31N or V271/S31N. One of the seasonal A(H3N2) viruses had another form of double-mutant R45H/S31N. Evolutionary rate of the M gene was much lower than that of the HA gene and NA gene. Compared with A(H3N2) strains, higher positive pressure on the M1 and M2 proteins of A(H1N1) pdm09 viruses was observed. Separate analyses of M1 and M2 proteins revealed very different selection pressures. Knowledge of the genetic diversity and evolution of the M gene of human influenza-A viruses will be valuable for the control and prevention of diseases.
Amino Acid Substitution ; China ; epidemiology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; virology ; Phylogeny ; Selection, Genetic ; Viral Matrix Proteins ; genetics ; Viral Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics

Objective To examine the therapeutic effect of C Ⅱ TA inhibition in collagen-induced arthritis(CIA),using a delivery system tailored to target C ⅡTA gene by small interfering RNA (siRNA).Methods Mice with collagen-induced arthritis were injected intravenously with C Ⅱ TA siRNA.The clinical score was monitored for up to 4 weeks after treatment.The severity of inflammation of mouse joint was evaluated by histological examination.Real-time PCR was used to determine the cytokine mRNA expression.Cytokine production was measured by ELISA from serum.T cell proliferation was examined by MTT method.Results IFN-γ and IL-17 were elevated in CIA mice,but were iuhibited significantly by C Ⅱ TA siRNA either prevention or intervention of autoimmune arthritis.Collagen specific T cell proliferation was significantly suppressed.Increased level of IL-4 by T cells was observed in C Ⅱ TA siRNA treated group compared with that of control group.Conclusion Our findings indicate that systemic RNAi-mediated C Ⅱ TA gene silencing is effective in the treatment of CIA and regulateds the balance of Th1/Th2 differentiation.

Objective To develop a microsphere-based suspension array for simultaneous detec-tion and identification of Salmonella H antigens by using Luminex xTAG technology and to evaluate its capa-bility in serotyping Salmonella strains. Methods The fliC and fljB genes, encoding the H antigen of Salmo-nella, were selected as the target genes. Universal upstream primers were designed based on the highly con-served regions of fliC and fljB genes, and the corresponding specific reverse primers were designed based on the variable regions. While synthesizing, the 5′end of each upstream primer was labeled with biotin and the 5′end of each specific reverse primer was modified with its certain TAG sequence. After amplified and la-beled with biotin and TAG sequence, the PCR products of specimens were hybridized with the mixture of va-rious MagPlex-xTAGTM microspheres. Each set of microspheres contained its unique anti-TAG sequences. The results of hybridization were analyzed by using Luminex MagPix reader system and the median fluores-cence intensity ( MFI) was reported. The H antigens of 145 Salmonella strains were identified with this de-veloped xTAG suspension array, and the results were compared with those obtained by using traditional ser-um agglutination test. Results The PCR products of different H antigens ranged from 94 bp to 245 bp and could be identified by hybridizing with MagPlex-xTAGTM microspheres. There was no cross-reaction between different H antigens or with DNAs derived from Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Shigella flexneri. Compared with the traditional serum agglutination test, the sensitivity and specificity of the xTAG suspension array in the identification of H antigens of 145 Salmonella strains were 95. 1% and 100%, respectively. Conclusion The developed xTAG suspension array was a specific, accurate and effective method for simultaneous detection and identification of 31 H antigens of common Salmonella serovars strains. It could be used for determining the H antigens of more than 90 Salmonella strains within 5 hours.

The control handles( including financing, provider payment, organization, regulation and behavior) proposed by World Bank in health policy research as the basic framework,and the nature and positioning of family doctors′ contract-based service as the precondition, we recommended the system framework of such a mechanism, comprising one contract, three regulations, five control handles and seven supporting policies. Such a framework can serve as the cornerstone for family doctors′ contract-based service experiment in Zhejiang province for the sake of hierarchical medical system.

This paper summarized health care delivery system in remote areas of Japan including criteria for underserved areas, regular adjustment to the list, comprehensive national plans, integrated provision system, governmental responsibilities, establishment of Jichi Medical University, participation of social organizations.We raise such suggestions as leading role of the government, precision listing underserved areas,implementing special plan, financing and payment policy, human resources for health, and regional co-ordination of medical resource.

This study applied both qualitative and quantitative research methods to describe Norwegian health care reform, covering such performance indicators as key reform process, healthcare reform trends in number of beds per thousand, health care resource utilization, hospital management system, general practitioners, and public health management system. Moreover, the paper put forward suggestions for the reform in China, namely health governance mechanism, the transformation from scale expansion to quality and performance-based development, reforming family physician system.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)is a highly invasive malignant lymphoma,and the molecular mechanism of its patho-genesis is not fully understood.Next generation sequencing(NGS)is an increasingly mature gene assay technology,which has been widely applied in recent years to study the genetics of DLBCL.Targeted therapy development has progressed significantly on the basis of these studies,which has made genetic mutations in DLBCL become the new research hotspot.This review summarizes the progress in research on progress-related gene mutations in DLBCL.

Based on an analysis of the compensation policy and its problems of the primary medical and health institutions, this paper put forward the corresponding reform framework in Zhejiang province. It proposed to change the compensation policy of " predefining revenue and expenditure, subsidizing its gap after performance appraisal" into " a mixed system of special subsidy and pay for performance". Related policies were also described including governmental functions, special subsidies for input-based payments, classified payments for output services, precautions against financial risks, etc. This paper also suggested that we focus on dealing with the six pairs of balance, such as that between subsidy for the supply and demand sides, and that between internal market and external market.

Objective To investigate the Meta-analysis of microRNA(miRNA)in distinguishing active tu-berculosis and latent tuberculosis.Methods CNKI,Wanfang Data,VIP,PubMed,Cochrane Library,Web of Science and Embase databases were searched to select the literature on miRNA in discriminating active tuber-culosis and latent tuberculosis from the establishment of the database to April 2023,and screened strictly ac-cording to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.The quality of included studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2,and data extraction and summary analysis were carried out with Stata16.0 software.Heterogeneity among studies was evaluated by calculating I2,and the sources of heteroge-neity were further explored by Meta-regression and subgroup analysis.Publication bias was assessed using Deeks funnel plot.Results The Meta-analysis encompassed 9 articles,comprising 13 studies.The combined sensitivity of miRNA in differentiating active tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis was found to be 0.79(95％CI:0.69-0.86,I2=86.24％),with a specificity of 0.73(95％CI:0.64-0.81,I2=81.80％).The positive likelihood ratio was 2.96(95％CI:2.22-3.95,12=63.84％),while the negative likelihood ratio was 0.29(95％CI:0.20-0.41,I2=84.04％).Furthermore,the diagnostic odds ratio was 10.33(95％CI:6.43-16.61,I2=99.90％),and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.83(95％CI:0.79-0.86).The results of Meta-regression and subgroup analysis showed that sample size may be the source of sensitivity heterogeneity,and dysregulation of miRNA may be the source of specificity heterogeneity.Deeks funnel plot showed no publication bias among included studies.Conclusion miRNA shows good diagnostic a-bility in distinguishing active tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis,which has important significance for impro-ving the development of diagnostic strategies for tuberculosis management.