Physiological education should lead the student not only to understand the physiological knowledge itself,but also to comprehend the scientific methodology,scientific thought and scientific spirit.In our teaching process,we introduced some creative work of the famous scientists in the physiological history to stimulate the students' interest and ability on creative scientific thinking and practice.

[Objective] To elucidate the effects and mechanism of Naoqingling Decoction(ND)on Gilles de la Tourette syndrome(TS).[Method] Central nervous system of mice was stimulated by amphetamine(AMP)to develop the model of experimental tourette syndrome(ETS).Then we observed the stereotypia and autonomic activities of mice,and determined the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine(DA),norepinephrine(NE),5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid(5-HIAA)in the brains.[Result] To compare with model group,three-dose ND groups can resist the determinate activities stimulated by AMP;can obviously decrease the autonomic activities of mice and degrade the levels of DA,NE,5-HT and 5-HIAA in the corpora striates.[Conclusion] ND has therapeutical effect on ETS model and it's mechanism may be its effects on the secretion or metabolism of neurotransmitter in the brains.

Objective To establish the quality standard for Xuanshi Texiao Yaoshui(mainly composed of Radix Sophorae Flavescentis,Cortex Pseudolaricis,etc).Methods Radix Sophorae Flavescentis and Cortex Pseudolaricis were identified by TLC.The content of oxymatrine was determined by HPLC.Symmetry C18 column(4.6 mm? 250 mm,5 ? m)with mobile phase of methanol-water-triethylamine(40:60:0.04)was used.The detective wavelength was 220 nm.Results TLC for Radix Sophorae Flavescentis and Cortex Pseudolaricis was specific .HPLC for oxymatrine had a good separation with other components,and the linear range of oxymatrine was 0.60～ 1.80 ? g and recovery rate was 99.34 %(RSD =0.71 %).Conclusion This method can be used to control the quality of Xuanshi Texiao Yaoshui.

Objective To observe the activation of astrocytes,microglia and expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the periaqueductal gray(PAG) by Complete Freunds Adjuvant(CFA)-induced inflammatory pain. Methods Heat hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia were observed and the expressions of mRNA,protein of glial markers,and proinflammatory cytokines in the PAG were examined following intraplantar administration CFA in right hindpaw of the rat by behavioral testing,reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR), Western blotting,and immunohistochemistry. Results CFA injection induced chronic thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia.After injection,the thermal hyperalgesia was recovered on Day 14,but the mechanical allodynia lasted more than 21 days.Microglial marker(Cluster of differentiation 14,CD14) and proinflammatory cytokines(Interleukinin-1?,tumor necrosis factor-?) showed a significant increase in their expression during all phases(acute,subacute and chronic) of inflammation.GFAP was observed only in PAG at subacute and chronic phases of inflammation.Conclusion The activation of microglia and astrocytes may be involved in the initiation and maintenance of inflammatory pain.Enhanced cytokines expression might play a role in eliciting behavioral hypersensitivity.

[ Objective ] To assess the quality of clinical randomised controlled trials (RCT) of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). [Methods] Eighty - three journals of TCM from the first issues of 1977 to the latest issues of 2002 were manually searched and reviewed under the following inclusion criteria: clinical trials of TCM for AMI with 'randomized controlled or randomised being mentioned. And a questionnaire was designed according to the criteria of RCT with the items of diagnostic standard, consistent of baseline, method of randomization, concealment in allocation, blind method, intention - to - treat analysis, statistic methods and conclusion. Percentages of each item were figured out to assess the quality. [Results] Two thousand five hundred and one trials were associated with heart diseases, among which 102 were associated with AMI and 42 accorded with the inclusion criteria. Calculation method of sample size, concealment in allocation and intention - to - treat analysis after drop - out were mentioned in none of the 42 articles, single - blind method adopted in 4 (9.52%) , diagnostic standard described in 40 (95.24%), baseline consistent illuminated in 27 (64.29%), method of randomization presented in 8 (19.05%) , statistic methods used mistakenly in 6 (14.28%) and statistic methods not described in 18 (42.86%). [Conclusion] There still exist some problems in the design of RCT of TCM for AMI: (1) mistaken use of randomization method; (2) less adoption of calculation method of sample size, concealment in allocation and intention - to - treat analysis after drop - out; (3) improper application of statistic methods; (4) lower rate of utilization for blind study.

Objective To investigate the carriage and homology of carbapenemase genes of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacterbaumannii (MDRAB)in Wujiang area.Methods A total of 44 non-duplicated MDRAB isolated from patients in 3 general hospitals in Wujiang area from January 2010 to December 2013 were collected. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs)were detected,carbapenemase genes OXA-51,OXA-23,OXA-24,OXA-58, IMP,TEM,SHV,and GES were amplified with polymerase chain reaction(PCR),homology of strains was detec-ted with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).Results 44 MDRAB strains were mainly collected from sputum (93.18% ),mainly distributed in intensive care unit (ICU),department of respiratory diseases,and department of neurosurgery,accounting for 45.45% ,27.27% ,and 13.64% respectively;MDRAB were both sensitive to minocy-cline and polymyxin B,resistance rates to piperacillin,ampicillin/sulbactam,ceftazidime,gentamicin,amikacin, and ciprofloxacin were all 100.00% ,resistance rates to imipenem and meropenem were both 97.73% . 44 MDRAB strains were all detected OXA-51,OXA-23 and TEM genes,12 strains were positive for GES gene,1 strain was positive for OXA-58 and SHV respectively,OXA-24 and IMP genes were not found ;MDRAB were divided into 7 types of G-A,which included 19,3,9,3,1,4,and 5 strains respectively,type A was mainly from two large gen-eral hospitals in Wujiang area (Wujiang First People’s Hospital and Shengze Hospital),type B,D and E strains were not detected in Wujiang First People’s Hospital,type E strain was only 1 isolate and was from Yongding Hos-pital,the other types were sporadically distributed.Conclusion Multidrug resistance of clinically isolated Acineto-bacterbaumannii is serious in Wujiang area,OXA-23 and TEM genes are major causes of multidrug resistance in Acinetobacterbaumannii,the main types are A and C,which present clonal spread.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the pathogenic results and drug resistance of bacteria isolated from cerebrospinal fluid specimens from Jan 2006 to Nov 2007 so as to provide evidence for clinical pathogenic analysis and selection of antibiotic.METHODS The bacteria identification and the antimicrobial susceptibility were assayed by VITEK-AMS system.RESULTS The positive rate of pathogens was 11.62% from 878 cerebrospinal fluid specimens.There were 102 strains of pathogens which included 19 Gram-positives,79 Gram-negatives and 4 fungi.The most frequently isolated pathogen was Pseudomonas(41.18%)followed by Staphylococcus haemolyticus(9.80%),Escherichia coli(8.82%),Acinetobacter spp(5.88%),Staphylococcus epidermidis(4.90%)and Shewanella putrefaciens(4.90%).The most active compounds against Gram-positive cocci were vancomycin(100.00%),linezolid(94.74%),nitrofurantoin(84.21%),tetracycline(78.95%),and rifampin(73.68%);The most active compounds against Gram-negative bacilli were piperacillin/tazobactam(75.95%),cefepime(58.23%),imipenem(54.43%),ciprofloxacin(53.16%) and levofloxacin(48.10%).CONCLUSIONS The prevailing pathogens in cerebrospinal fluid are Gram-negative bacilli,especially Pseudomonas and E.coli.Data collected in present study provide valuable information for prophylactic and empirical antibiotic use in intracranial infection.

Rehabilitation evaluation was an important special basic course of healing cure specialty in the higher vocational college. It was a key to improve teaching quality of training students' occupation capacity. The establishment of aim, class teaching contents and outline, the preparation of teaching data, the innovation of teaching methods and measures, the reinforcement of practical teaching, and etc. were discussed in this paper. Considerations and experiences on the practical teaching reform and construction of rehabilitation evaluation courses were put forward in the higher vocational colleges.

Objective To investigate the drug resistance and risk factors of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) induced by imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.Methods Clinical data on 114 patients with Acinetobacter baumannii-related HAPs admitted in Wujiang First People' s Hospital in Suzhou during January 2013 and December 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.According to the results of drug sensitivity test,patients were divided into imipenem-resistant group and non imipenem-resistant group.Drug resistance to 20 commonly used antibiotics was observed in two groups,and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection.Results Among 114 strains ofAcinetobacter baumannii,66 strains (57.89％) were imipenem-resistant and 48 strains (42.11％) were non-imipenem-resistant.The resistance rates to β-lactams,quinolones and aminoglycosides were significantly higher in imipenem-resistant group than those in non-imipenem-resistant group (P ＜ 0.01),and no tigecycline-resistant strain was found in both groups.Univariate analysis showed that acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score ≥ 15,plasma level of albumin ≤ 25 g/L,intensive care unit (ICU) stay,indwelling gastric tube,deep venous catheterization,establishment of artificial airway,mechanical ventilation time ≥ 7 d,use of broad-spectrum antibiotics ≥ 14 d and combined use of antibiotics were risk factors of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii related HAP (x2 =13.06,6.86,25.40,15.09,17.87,21.46,17.94,6.91 and 10.10,P ＜0.01).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that establishment of artificial airway [OR =72.014,95％ confidetial interval (CI):19.566-265.061,P ＜ 0.01],and use of broad-spectrum antibiotics ≥ 14 d (OR =3.892,95％ CI:1.092-13.879,P ＜ 0.05) were independent risk factors of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii related HAP.Conclusion Imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains are highly resistant to most antibiotics.Strict control of invasive procedures and long-term combined use of antibiotics may reduce the occurrence of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii related HAPs.

Objective To explore drug resistance and distribution of multidrug-resistant(MDR)Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tuberculosis)in a county-level hospital,so as to strengthen the prevention and control of health-care-associated infection with M.tuberculosis .Methods Specimens with positive sputum smear were performed M. tuberculosis culture and drug resistance testing,and distribution of MDR tuberculosis patients in the departments before isolation were investigated retrospectively.Results Of 488 patients with tuberculosis,254 were positive for sputum smear,122 M.tuberculosis strains were isolated from positive sputum smear patients,120 isolates were per-formed drug susceptibility testing,results revealed that 86 isolates were drug-resistant strains,46 of which were monodrug-resistant,40 were MDR.Of MDR strains,16 were all resistant to isoniazide,rifampicin,streptomycin, and ethambutol.The percentage of monodrug-resistance,MDR,pandrug resistance was 9.43%,8.20%,and 3.28% respectively.Medical imaging department,ultrasound department,and respiratory disease department were the main units of M.tuberculosis exposure.Conclusion The percentage of MDR M.tuberculosis is high among M. tuberculosis ,surveillance should be intensified,so as to prevent the transmission in hospital.