Objective To investigate the usefulness of parametric imaging of contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS) in evaluating hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC) and focal nodular hyperplasia(FNH). Methods Thirty clinically or pathologically proven HCCs and 30 pathologically proven FNHs that had undergone CEUS were randomly included. SonoLiver CAP software were used to quantitatively anlalyze the CEUS and reconstruct DVP parametric images. Results The rise time, time to peak and mean transit time in HCC and FNH were (16. 7 ± 11. 1)s and (21.9±9. 0)s (P = 0. 052) ,(29. 9 ± 14. l)s and (33. 2 ±11.1)s ( P =0. 322), (115. 0±90. 9)s and (271. 5 ± 147. 6)s ( P = 0. 000),respectively. The perfusion index was 90. 4 + 102. 5 in HCC and 42. 6 + 37. 1 in FNH( P = 0. 022). DVP curve and DVP parametric image could both be divided into three types: washout, non-washout and cystic type. In DVP curve, the percentages of which were 76. 7% (23/30),20. 0% (6/30),3. 3% (1/30) in HCC, and 43. 3% (13/30) , 53. 3% (16/30) , 3. 3%(l/30) in FNH,respectively ( P = 0. 023). In DVP parametric image, the percentages of which were 66. 7%(20/30) ,30. 0%(9/30) ,3. 3%(l/30) in HCC,and 33. 3%(10/30) ,60. 0%(18/30) ,6. 7%(2/30) in FNH,respectively ( P = 0. 033). 30. 0% (9/30) of FNH had a clear spoke-wheel pattern in DVP parametric image. Conclusions In parametric imaging of CEUS, the mean transit time of HCC was shorter than that of FNH,and the perfusion index of HCC was higher than that of FNH. The DVP parametric image can display the rapid change and detail of the enhancement clearly.

Background and purpose:KIT mutation plays an important role during the pathogenesis of melanoma. This study was designed to investigate the mutation status ofKIT in different subtypes of melanoma. Methods:A total number of 144 cases of melanoma were analyzed forKIT mutation (exon 9, 11, 13 and 17) by DNA sequencing using paraffin-embedded tissues.Results:The total incidence ofKIT mutation in melanoma was 9.0% (13/144).KIT mutations in acral melanoma, mucosal melanoma, melanoma on skin with chronic sun-induced damage (CSD) and melanoma on skin without chronic sun-induced damage (non-CSD) was 7.7% (4/52), 20% (7/35), 14.3% (1/7) and 2.8% (1/36), respectively. Among 13 cases withKIT mutation, 1 mutation lay in exon 9, 9 lay in exon 11 and 3 in exon 13. L576P in exon 11 was the most common type of mutation.Conclusion:The most prevalent type ofKIT mutation in patients lies in exon 11.KIT mutation could be the potential drug target in melanoma therapy.

Objective To assess the effects ofberberine on autophagy in C3H10T1/2 adipocytes.Methods C3H10T1/2 cells,a pluripotent stem-cell line of mesodermal origin,were induced to differentiate into mature adipocytes,and then were treated with berberine,The expression of autophagy marker protein LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ and autophagy substrate P62 was determined by Western blot ; after treating C3 H 10T1/2 cells with berberine and lysosomal inhibitor,chloroquine,autophagy flux was assessed by Western blot.Autophagosome was observed by transmission electron microscopy after berberine treatment.Results (1) After berberine treatment,the expression of LC3 Ⅱ / Ⅰin C3H10T1/2 adipocytes was reduced and P62 was increased in a time-and dose-dependent manner(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01) ; (2) Following treatment with chloroquine and berberine,the protein level of LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ was decreased (P＜0.05); (3) The number of autophagosome was decreased apparently after berberine treatment.Conclusions Berberine inhibits autophagy in C3H10T1/2 adipocytes.

BACKGROUND: Echinococcosis alveolaris were not easily discovered in prophasel Although used various kinds of imaging and immunity test, misdiagnosis rate of echinococcosis alveolaris was still high.OBJECTIVE: To study radioimmunoimaging of ~(131)Ⅰ-labelled anti-alveolar hydatid polyclonal antibody in the rat model with Echinococcus multilocularis in vivo.METHODS: Totally 36 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. A group included 12 alveolar echinococcosis rats, B group included 12 normal rats, C group included 12 alveolar echinococcosis rats. Rats in the A and B group were injected intrapedtoneally 1 mL ~(131)Ⅰ-labelled anti-alveolar echinococcosis polyclonal antibodies (37 MBq), those in the C group were injected intraperitoneally I mL ~(131)Ⅰ-(37 MBq). All rats were imaged 24, 48, 72, 96 hours later with ECT to measure region of interest (ROI) of alveolar hydatid. The unit weight radioactive counts per minute of three group rats organs were measured after 96 hours, and the targetto-nontarget (TINT) ratios were calculated in A group rats.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In A group rat inoculated right lobe of liver alveolar echinococcosis, radioactive parts of the distribution could be seen. And ROI of alveolar echinococcosis were the highest at 72 hours. After dissection the locations were in line, and it was no significant radioactive liver distdbution in B and C group. Rats were sacrified after 96 hours, in vitro determination of radioactive counts show that A group echinococcus multilocularis was (18.610±3.401)x10~3 cpm/g, which was greater than organs except thyroid and gastric tissues (P ＜ 0.001). The rest of organize T/NT ratios were greater than 1.28 apart from the thyroid and gastric tissues. The difference of unit weight radioactive counts per minute of three group had no obviously significance except the polypide tissues (P ＞ 0.05). This proves that ~(131)Ⅰ-1abelled anti-alveolar echinococcosis polyclonal antibodY successfully combinated with alveolar echinococcosis.

The practical experiences with subject service in Medical Library of Chinese PLA were summarized in terms of the establishment of user information records, accumulation and summation of information, and construc-tion of information platform. Suggestions were put forward for the improvement of subject service in Medical Library of Chinese PLA, such as holding the big information concept in the big data era, using the biomedical data as the target of study, providing various kinds of service, integrating seamless, dynamic and interactive library service into user service. The fact that focus on artificial intelligence, computer, information and coomunication technologies is one of the future directions was pointed out.

AIM: To investigate the apoptosis and molecular mechanism of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells induced by ginsenoside Rh4.METHODS: Human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells were treated with ginsenoside Rh4 at doses of 10, 20 and 40 μmol/L, and the inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rh4 on HepG2 cell viability was measured by MTT assay.The apoptotic rate of HepG2 cells was analyzed by flow cytometry.The morphological changes of the HepG2 cells were observed by Hoechst 33258 and TUNEL staining.The expression of apoptosis-related proteins Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and caspase-9 was determined by Western blot.RESULTS: Ginsenoside Rh4 promoted apoptosis of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner.TUNEL and Hoechst 33258 staining showed that the cells appeared obvious shrinking, swelling and rupture after treated with ginsenoside Rh4 for 24 h.The results of Western blot showed that with the increasing concentrations of ginsenoside Rh4, the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9 increased, while anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 decreased gradually.CONCLUSION: Ginsenoside Rh4 induces apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells, and the main mechanism may be related to down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and caspase-9.

Four crystalline forms of clopidogrel bisulfate were characterized by analytical techniques. Aiming to research the absorption characteristics of clopidogrel bisulfate polymorphs after taken orally by rat, and to estimate the influence of crystal form to pharmacodynamic action, four crystalline forms of clopidogrel bisulfate were administered intragastrically to rats, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to measure the contents of clopidogrel bisulfate and its metabolite in rat plasma. The metabolite of clopidogrel bisulfate was detected in rat plasma. There were significant deviations among four crystalline forms in the areas under curve of the metabolite of clopidogrel bisulfate. We concluded that the different crystal forms of clopidogrel bisulfate showed different pharmacokinetic characteristics, which might affect pharmacodynamic action.

Objective To identify microbubbles targeted (MBt) to alpha(v)beta(3) (αvβ3) via biotin-avidin bridge and evaluate the adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro.Methods MBt produced via biotin-avidin bridge were validated using fluorescence in vitro.Adhesion of αvβ3-integrin targeted MBt (MBαvβ3) to HUVECs was tested using the parallel plate flow chamber (PPFC) test.Results Bright green fluorescence was observed on the biotinylated microbubbles(MBB) incubated with fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled streptavidin (FITC-SA) and on MBB-SA incubated with FITC labeled biotin.There was no fluorescence seen on non-targeted control microbubbles,MBB incubated with FITC labeled protein A and MBB-SA incubated with FITC labeled protein A. The adherent rate of MBαvβ3 was significantly higher than MBt with non-specific antibody (MBN) in PPFC test,with 9.9±3.1 of MBαvβ3 and 0.8±0.3 of MBN adhered to HUVECs,respectively(P<0.05).Conclusions Avβ3 targeted microbubbles using biotin-avidin bridging method is highly efficient and reliable for HUVECs.

Objective To evaluate the accuracy and utility of percutaneous ultrasonic cholangiography in Bismuth staging of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Methods Thirty patients who underwent surgery and obtained pathologic diagnosis of hilar cholangiocarcincoma were perspectively ruled in this study. All patients with hilar obstruction underwent baseline ultrasound (BUS), percutaneous ultrasonic cholangiography (PUSC) and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography(PTC) respectively. Taking operative findings as reference standard,the accuracy of the three imaging modalities in staging of hilar cholangiocarcinoma was compared. Results Among 30 patients, the accuracy of classification among BUS, PUSC and PTC was 23.3 % (7/30), 73.3 % ( 22/30 ), 73.3 % (22/30), respectively. There was statistically significant difference between BUS and PUSC, but the difference between PUSC and PTC was not statistically significant.Conclusions As a new technique for cholangiography, PUSC expands the application of ultrasound in evaluating hilar cholangiocarcinoma and is comparable to PTC in classifying hilar cholangiocarcinoma by Bismuth classification.

Objective To prepare targeted micorbubble with low immunogenicity. Methods The microbubbles were produced with different phospholipids and identified by the fluorescent method. Detect the level of C3a after reaction with human serum in vitro with enzyme-linked immunosorboent assay (ELISA) method and the number of microbubble binding with the streptavidin packed on the dish by using the parallel plate flow chamber. Results The level of C3a was (1.037±0.047)ng/ml in MBb group,(1. 326 ± 0. 042)ng/ml in MBe group and ( 1.004 ± 0.031 ) ng/ml in MBc group. The level of C3a in MBb group was significantly lower than that in MBe group( P ＜0.05),and there was no significantly difference between MBb group and MBc group ( P ＞ 0. 05). The parallel plate flow experiments showed that the number of MBb(15.2 ± 11.3) in each field of view binding with the streptavidin packed on the dish was significantly fewer than that of MBe ( 103.2 ± 28.3) ( P＜0.05 ), and there was no significantly difference between MBb and MBc(17.8 ± 11.9) ( P ＞0.05). Conclusions The targeted microbubble with low immunogenicity has been prepared successfully,which can be used for further experiment in vivo.