Background and purpose:KIT mutation plays an important role during the pathogenesis of melanoma. This study was designed to investigate the mutation status ofKIT in different subtypes of melanoma. Methods:A total number of 144 cases of melanoma were analyzed forKIT mutation (exon 9, 11, 13 and 17) by DNA sequencing using paraffin-embedded tissues.Results:The total incidence ofKIT mutation in melanoma was 9.0% (13/144).KIT mutations in acral melanoma, mucosal melanoma, melanoma on skin with chronic sun-induced damage (CSD) and melanoma on skin without chronic sun-induced damage (non-CSD) was 7.7% (4/52), 20% (7/35), 14.3% (1/7) and 2.8% (1/36), respectively. Among 13 cases withKIT mutation, 1 mutation lay in exon 9, 9 lay in exon 11 and 3 in exon 13. L576P in exon 11 was the most common type of mutation.Conclusion:The most prevalent type ofKIT mutation in patients lies in exon 11.KIT mutation could be the potential drug target in melanoma therapy.

Objective To assess the effects ofberberine on autophagy in C3H10T1/2 adipocytes.Methods C3H10T1/2 cells,a pluripotent stem-cell line of mesodermal origin,were induced to differentiate into mature adipocytes,and then were treated with berberine,The expression of autophagy marker protein LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ and autophagy substrate P62 was determined by Western blot ; after treating C3 H 10T1/2 cells with berberine and lysosomal inhibitor,chloroquine,autophagy flux was assessed by Western blot.Autophagosome was observed by transmission electron microscopy after berberine treatment.Results (1) After berberine treatment,the expression of LC3 Ⅱ / Ⅰin C3H10T1/2 adipocytes was reduced and P62 was increased in a time-and dose-dependent manner(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01) ; (2) Following treatment with chloroquine and berberine,the protein level of LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ was decreased (P＜0.05); (3) The number of autophagosome was decreased apparently after berberine treatment.Conclusions Berberine inhibits autophagy in C3H10T1/2 adipocytes.

Objective To investigate the usefulness of parametric imaging of contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS) in evaluating hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC) and focal nodular hyperplasia(FNH). Methods Thirty clinically or pathologically proven HCCs and 30 pathologically proven FNHs that had undergone CEUS were randomly included. SonoLiver CAP software were used to quantitatively anlalyze the CEUS and reconstruct DVP parametric images. Results The rise time, time to peak and mean transit time in HCC and FNH were (16. 7 ± 11. 1)s and (21.9±9. 0)s (P = 0. 052) ,(29. 9 ± 14. l)s and (33. 2 ±11.1)s ( P =0. 322), (115. 0±90. 9)s and (271. 5 ± 147. 6)s ( P = 0. 000),respectively. The perfusion index was 90. 4 + 102. 5 in HCC and 42. 6 + 37. 1 in FNH( P = 0. 022). DVP curve and DVP parametric image could both be divided into three types: washout, non-washout and cystic type. In DVP curve, the percentages of which were 76. 7% (23/30),20. 0% (6/30),3. 3% (1/30) in HCC, and 43. 3% (13/30) , 53. 3% (16/30) , 3. 3%(l/30) in FNH,respectively ( P = 0. 023). In DVP parametric image, the percentages of which were 66. 7%(20/30) ,30. 0%(9/30) ,3. 3%(l/30) in HCC,and 33. 3%(10/30) ,60. 0%(18/30) ,6. 7%(2/30) in FNH,respectively ( P = 0. 033). 30. 0% (9/30) of FNH had a clear spoke-wheel pattern in DVP parametric image. Conclusions In parametric imaging of CEUS, the mean transit time of HCC was shorter than that of FNH,and the perfusion index of HCC was higher than that of FNH. The DVP parametric image can display the rapid change and detail of the enhancement clearly.

Objective To explore the effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)on the ratio of CD4+CD25+Treg/CD4+T cell and the expression of TGF-β1 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)rats. Methods We randomly divided 60 healthy female Wistar rats into normal control group,EAE control group,VIP low-dose group and VIP high-dose group.We used myelin basic protein (MBP)+ complete adjuvant (CFA)to establish EAE model. Since the day of model construction, the low- and high-dose VIP groups received intraperitoneal injection of 4 nmol/kg (0.2 mL)and 16 nmol/kg (0.8 mL)of VIP every other day,respectively;normal control group and EAE group received injection of saline of 0.8 mL for 10 days in a row.We recorded the peak of neurological dysfunction score (NDS)changes in the rats,observed the pathological changes and GFAP+astrocyte activation in the brain at the morbidity peak of rats with HE staining,and detected the ratio of CD4+CD25+Treg/CD4+T in the spleen with FACS and TGF-β1 cytokine level in brain tissue with ELISA.Results The peak nerve dysfunction score was decreased in each VIP dose group.In normal control group,there were decreased inflammatory cell infiltration and decreased number of active astrocytes in the brain tissue.The degree of infiltration of inflammatory cells and astrocyte activation in VIP control groups were significantly lower than those in EAE group.The CD4+CD25+Treg/CD4+T cell ratio of the spleen tissue in each dose VIP treated group rats was higher than that in EAE control group.The cytokine level of TGF-β1 in the brain tissue increased in each VIP dose group in the dose-dependent manner.Conclusion Through up-regulating the ratio of CD4+CD25+Treg/CD4+T cell in the spleen tissue,increasing TGF-β1 content in brain tissue,and inhibiting the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the astrocyte activation,VIP plays an important role in prevention and control of EAE.

Establishment of the “Happy Reading Club” was to create a personal reading space for undergraduates. The reading situation of undergraduates was analyzed with the creation processes of “Happy Reading Club” summa-rized.The reading popularizing activities were described, including questionnaire investigation of reading, sign of DIY “tree”, and recommendation of classic booklist, with the existing problems pointed out.

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) combined with ethanol injection with a multipronged needle under ultrasound guidance for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) larger than 3 cm in diameter.Methods 65 patients with 67HCC nodules ranging from 3.1 to 7.0 cm in diameter were treated percutaneously under ultrasound guidance.Tumor response and complications after treatment were observed.Results Complete ablation was achieved in 94.0％ (63/67) of HCC nodules.4 residual tumor nodules received complete ablation after additional treatment.Ablation-related major complications was occurred in 3 patients,including liver abscess in 1 case,abdominal bleeding in 1 case and massive ascites in 1 case,all were cured by conservative therapy.After a mean follow-up period of (20.0 ± 7.6) months (6.7-32.6 months),local-tumor progression was observed in 10 (14.9％) of 67 HCC nodules,and distant recurrence was observed in 32 (49.2％) of 65patients.The 1-year and 2-year survival rate were 93.1 ％ and 88.1％,respectively.Conclusions RFA combined with ethanol injetion with a multipronged needle is a safe and effective technique for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma larger than 3 cm,especially 3-5 cm in diameter.

Objective To investigate the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in percutaneous nephrostomy for the treatment of complex renal calculi without hydronephrosis.Methods 22 patients with complex renal calculi underwent puncture and catheterization under the conventional ultrasound guidance,and then were injected with ultrasound contrast agent (SonoVue) through the needles and tubes to confirm appropriate puncture and catheterization.The display rates of puncture needle,renal pelvis,calyces,drainage tube body and distal end under CEUS were observed,and the results were compared with those of routine ultrasonography.The dosage of contrast agent,success rate and complications were also recorded.Results The display rates of puncture needle,renal pelvis,calyces,drainage tube body and distal end under routine ultrasonography were 63.64％,36.36％,63.64％,18.18％,as compared with CEUS the display rates were 100％,100％,100％,81.18％.The differences were statistically significant between CEUS and routine ultrasonography (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions CEUS guided percutaneous catheterization makes up for the inadequacy of conventional ultrasound in patients of complex renal calculi without hydronephrosis,and it can be worthy for clinical application.

Objective To compare the enhancement characteristic of the gallbladder diseases and to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy in differential diagnosis of the gallbladder diseases between contrast-enhanced sonography (CEUS) and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT).Methods Seventy-two patiens with gallbladder lesions were examined by CEUS and CECT before operation and all final diagnoses were confirmed by surgery and/or pathological diagnosis.Results 1)In early phase,84.6％ (33/39) and 79.5％ (31/39) of benign diseases showed hyper-enhancement on CEUS and CECT,and 97.0％ (32/33) and 87.9％ (29/33) of malignant diseases showed hyper-enhancement on CEUS and CECT respectively (P =0.250).In later phase,91.2％ (31/34) and 88.2％ (30/34) of benign diseases showing hypo-enhancement (P =1.000),and 100％ of the malignant diseases showing hypo-enhancement on CEUS and CECT respectively.2)The time of enhancement from hyper-to hypo in CEUS for benign and malignant diseases were (39.9 ± 15.7)s and (29.9 ± 5.6)s respectively (t =3.61,P =1.000).3)The inhomogeneous enhancement on CEUS and CECT were 41.0％ (16/39) and 53.8％ (21/39) in the benign diseases respectively (P =0.063),84.8 ％ (28/33) and 97.0 ％ (32/33) in the malignant diseases respectively(P =0.125).4)The destruction of the gallbladder wall on CEUS and CECT are 87.9％ (29/33) and 90.9％ (30/33) respectively(P =1.000).5)The accuracy,diagnostic sensitivity,specificity of CEUS and CECT were 91.7％(66/72) and 87.5％(63/72),97.0％(32/33) and 93.9％(31/33),87.2％(34/39) and 82.15％ (32/39) respectively (P =0.250,1.000,0.500).Conclusions The enhancement pattern of the gallbladder diseases on CEUS and CECT were much similar.CEUS has equal diagnostic efficacy in comparison with CECT,but CEUS can supply more diagnostic information than CECT.

The practical experiences with subject service in Medical Library of Chinese PLA were summarized in terms of the establishment of user information records, accumulation and summation of information, and construc-tion of information platform. Suggestions were put forward for the improvement of subject service in Medical Library of Chinese PLA, such as holding the big information concept in the big data era, using the biomedical data as the target of study, providing various kinds of service, integrating seamless, dynamic and interactive library service into user service. The fact that focus on artificial intelligence, computer, information and coomunication technologies is one of the future directions was pointed out.

Four crystalline forms of clopidogrel bisulfate were characterized by analytical techniques. Aiming to research the absorption characteristics of clopidogrel bisulfate polymorphs after taken orally by rat, and to estimate the influence of crystal form to pharmacodynamic action, four crystalline forms of clopidogrel bisulfate were administered intragastrically to rats, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to measure the contents of clopidogrel bisulfate and its metabolite in rat plasma. The metabolite of clopidogrel bisulfate was detected in rat plasma. There were significant deviations among four crystalline forms in the areas under curve of the metabolite of clopidogrel bisulfate. We concluded that the different crystal forms of clopidogrel bisulfate showed different pharmacokinetic characteristics, which might affect pharmacodynamic action.