Retinoblastoma(RB) is the most common intraocular malignancy in children.The tumor can originate in one or both eyes.About 40％ of children with RB have inherited form of the disease.The treatment options available for RB include chemoreduction therapy,intra-arterial chemotherapy,radiotherapy,enucleation,genetherapy and focal therapies such as cryotherapy,laser photocoagulation,transpupillary thermotherapy.Currently,with the progress of early diagnosis and treatment,chemotherapy combined focal therapies play an important role in the treatment,which not only improve the survival rates of RB children,but also improve the children's life qualities with salvaging the eve and vision.

Rare diseases are very rare,but usually have severe symptoms.Some rare diseases are life-threatening.Most rare diseases cannot be cured.A very small part of these diseases can be cured by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).Umbilical cord blood transplantation(UCBT) is more suitable for children for the weak T cell immunity,the lower request for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) identity type and the lower incidence of graft versus host disease(GVHD).This article reviewed the published data in the treatment of UCBT in primary immunodeficiency disease,inherited metabolic disease,inflammatory bowel disease and bone marrow failure syndrome,in order to improve the level of rare disease treatment by HSCT,especially for UCBT.

Objective To study the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, laboratory tests, treatments and prognosis of con-genital factorⅦdeficiency. Methods The clinical data of two cases of congenital factorⅦdeficiency diagnosed at the Chil-dren’s Hospital of Fudan University and 9 cases reported in the past 10 years retrieved from Pubmed, Web of Knowledge and CNKI, Wangfang database by using the factorⅦdeficiency , congenital, newborn and case report as keyword were reviewed and analyzed. Results All cases were full term birth with normal birth weight (>2 500 g), including 4 females and 7 males. Pa-rental consanguinity was found in 3 cases, and a family history was found in 3 cases. The laboratory tests were characterized by significantly prolonged prothrombin time, normal partial thromboplastin time, and decreased coagulation factorⅦactivity. The coagulation factorⅦactivity of 10 cases were less than 5%. Five cases (45.5%) were treated with human recombinant activated factorⅦ. Four cases (36.4%) treated with plasma or human recombinant activated factorⅦare currently in normal growth and development. Four cases (36.4%) died during the hospitalization. Conclusions A diagnosis of congenital factorⅦdeficiency should be considered in the neonates with severe bleeding, prolonged prothrombin time, normal partial thromboplastin time, and being intractable to vitamin K treatment. Human recombinant activated factorⅦis the first choice of the treatment of congenital factorⅦdeficiency. The further study of gene mutation type will be of great significance for disease screening, diagnosis, treat-ment and prognosis prediction.

Hongkong pediatric specialist training had successful experiences in the last twenty years.Hongkong hospital authority and Hongkong college of pediatricians managed pediatric specialist training together and made a series of regulations,which have strict training rotation requirements.Training hospitals all need to obtain the authentication including basic training,higher training and overseas training agencies.After 6 years strict training,the trainees have strong pediatric basic theories,procedure abilities,evidence-based practice and team work spirit.In short,the experiences of Hongkong pediatric specialist training is deserved to be learned by the standard training of pediatric resident in mainland China.

Background and purpose: L-asparaginase (L-Asp) is an important drug in the treatment of childhood lymphoid neoplasms at present, but a lot of adverse reactions of L-Asp were observed. Pegasparaginase (PEG-Asp) is available in China in recent years. This study aimed to explore efifcacy and side-effect of PEG-Asp as ifrst-line treatment in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL). Methods:A total number of 211 ALL or LBL patients were treated with CCLG 2008 or BFM-90 protocol with PEG-Asp or L-Asp between Apr. 2008 and Mar. 2013;42 patients, among whom, were 35 ALL patients and 7 LBL patients, were treated with PEG-Asp as ifrst-line treatment;169 patients were treated with L-Asp as ifrst-line treatment (including 53 patients treated with L-Asp during induction protocol; with PEG-Asp during consolidate protocol). The clinical outcome and adverse reaction of PEG-Asp with L-Asp were observe and compared. Results: There were 35 ALL patients in PEG-Asp ifrst-line treatment group and the complete remission rate after 1 course of PEG-Asp was 97.1%,however, which was 83.3%of high risk ALL patients. The complete remission rate of 7 LBL patients of PEG-Asp ifrst-line treatment group was 57.1%. There was no signiifcant difference between 2 groups (P>0.05). Thirty-four patients relapsed including 5 patients of PEG-Asp ifrst-line treatment group, 16 patients of L-Asp ifrst-line treatment group and 13 patients treated with L-Asp during induction protocol and with PEG-Asp during consolidate protocol. Thirty-one patients died including 3, 18, 10 patients in 3 groups respectively. Twenty-two patients died of relapse, 4 died without remission, 5 died of complications. There was also no signiifcant difference between 2 groups (P>0.05). The incidence rates of adverse reactions were 47.6% and 63.3% respectively. Anaphylaxis, liver functions abnormalities, blood coagulation abnormalities, gastrointestinal reaction, hyperglycemia and pancreatitis were common in our patients. The incidence rate of anaphylaxis in PEG-Asp as ifrst-line treatment group was lower than other groups (P=0.03). But there was no signiifcant difference been observed in the incidence of other adverse reaction. Conclusion: The short-term efifcacy of PEG-Asp as the ifrst-line treatment in childhood leukemia and lymphoma was satisfactory and the incidence rate of anaphylaxis was lower. However, we will still pay much attention to adverse reaction monitoring of PEG-Asp.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and prognostic risk factors of ALL-R-2003 protocol in the treatment of relapsed childhood relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in single center. Methods A retrospective study of clinical data of 51 children with relapsed ALL from January 2004 to December 2014 was performed by using SPSS version 19.0 statistical software for statistical analysis. Results The median age at initial diagnosis of 51 patients was 5.5 years (range, 0.8-13.4 years). The median time from initial diagnosis to relapse was 25 months (range, 3-68 months) and follow-up time was 39 months (range, 3-116 months). The relapse rate in the standard-risk, intermediate-risk and the high-risk groups were 27.5 % (14/51), 29.4 %(15/51) and 43.1 % (22/51), respectively. The probability of 3-year overall survival (pOS) after relapse was (18.8±5.9)%and the probability of event free survival (pEFS) was (16.2±5.8)%. The 3-year pOS in very early relapse, early relapse and late relapse were 0, (11.7 ±7.7) % and (51.7 ±14.8) %, respectively (P= 0.000). There was no statistical difference in survival rate of different immunophenotype groups and sites of relapse (P> 0.05). The 3-year pOS of group S1, S2, S3, S4 were (50.0±35.4) %, (39.9±1.3) %, (10.0±9.5) % and 0, respectively (P=0.000). The 3-year pOS of bcr-abl and MLL gene positive groups were (25.0±21.7) %and 0, respectively, with no statistically significance compared with the negtive group [(24.1±12.0)%] (P>0.05). The 3-year pOS rates of children with bone marrow transplantation and without transplantation were (40.0 ±15.5) %and (13.0 ±5.9) % respectively (P= 0.038). Conclusions The children who in high risk group at initial diagnose are easily to meet earlier relapse and poorer prognosis. The survival period after relapse of bcr-abl or MLL gene positive cases is very short. Bone marrow transplantation can improve survival rate. Risk group at initial diagnose, relapse time and transplantation are the main factors influencing prognosis, and the relapse time and transplantation are the independent prognostic factors for relapsed childhood ALL.

Objective To investigate the effects of intervention with the fluoxetine and the enriched environment on chronic stress induced depression behavior of rats,and the changes of myelin basic protein in hippocampus and prefrontal regions.Methods 50 adult male SD rats were randomly divided into control group,fluoxetine group,model group,enriched environment (EE) group and EE plus fluoxetine group.Fluoxetine group,model group,EE group and EE plus fluoxetine group underwent chronic unpredictable stress stimulus in the first to third week,and fluoxetine group,EE group,EE plus fluoxetine group underwent the intervention with EE and (or) fluoxetine in the fourth to sixth week.The changes of behavior in rats were evaluated by sucrose water consumption,open field test and weight changes.The content of MBP in each subregion of hippocampus and prefrontal regions of rats was measured with immunocytochemical methods.Results At the third weekend,the assessed behaviors of stressed rats decreased significantly compared with control group (P＜0.05);and at the sixth weekend,the behaviors of stressed rats restored after treated with EE and (or) fluoxetine.The content of MBP in the rat hippocampus CA1,DG area and prefrontal area of model group declined clearly compared with control group (mean density of model group orderly:0.199±0.024,0.204±0.021,0.225±0.028;control group orderly:0.279±0.034,0.288±0.043,0.308±0.053,P＜0.05).The content of MBP in the rat of fluoxetine group,EE group and EE plus fluoxetine group increased obviously compared with model group (fluoxetine group orderly:0.259± 0.047,0.266± 0.052,0.284 ± 0.031;EE group orderly:0.257±0.038,0.258±0.042,0.286±0.037;EE plus fluoxetine group orderly:0.271± 0.046,0.279±0.040,0.289±0.041,P＜0.05).Conclusion The depression-like behavior of rats induced by chronic unpredictable stress is associated with the change of the content of MBP in hippocampal CA1,DG area and prefrontal area;and the depression-like behavior and the content of MBP decrease are reversed after the intervention with fluoxetine and EE.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation related thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by microvascular hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and involvement of end organ.The pathogenesis of TA-TMA involves vascular endothelial cell injury and abnormal activation of complement system.The risk factors include conditioning regimens, graft-versus-host disease, immunosuppressants, infection and HLA compatibility.Timely diagnosis and early initiation of appropriate treatment are essential to prevent multiple organ dysfunction and eventual death.At present, the lack of clinical evidence of TA-TMA has led to the fact that its diagnostic criteria and treatment have not been unified.The diagnosis and treatment suggestions put forward by domestic and foreign experts are intended to help clinicians evaluate potential TA-TMA, establish diagnosis in time, and give reasonable treatment and management.

Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a highly aggressive mature B﹣cell lymphoma originating from the germinal center, and accounts for 30%-50% of childhood non﹣Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The current dose﹣intensive, multi﹣agent chemotherapy has made great progress in the treatment of BL with the cure rate of 80%-90%; however, the relapse or death rate still remains 10%-20% due to toxicity of such therapy. Studies have shown that abnormal activation of PI3K﹣AKT﹣mTOR signaling pathway and abnormal expression of key regulatory genes are closely related to the pathogenesis, development, treatment and prognosis of BL. This article will review the abnormal activation mechanisms of PI3K﹣AKT﹣mTOR signaling pathway and targeted therapy of pediatric BL to further clarify the pathogenesis and potential targets for drug therapy of pediatric BL at the molecular and genetic levels.