European Society of Cardiology guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of heart failure are among the mostly authorized international directing documents,applied widely in clinical practice,epidemiological researches and randomized clinical trials.The guidelines published in 2008 combined chronic and acute hear failure and made significant modifications in the definition,classification,diagnosis,pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of heart failure.Simplification of the recommendations and enhancement of the guidelines implication are also point of focusing.This article represents a brief review of the new guidelines,together with comparison with the previous edition and analysis of recommendations based on local clinical practice,to enhance the standardized management of heart failure in China. Abstract:Summ ary:European Soc iety of Card iology gu idelines on d iagnosis and treatm ent of heart failure are among the mostly au-thorized international d irecting docum ents,app lied w idely in c lin ical practice,ep idem iological researches and random ized c lin ical trials.The gu idelines pub lished in 2008 comb ined chron ic and acute hear failure and m ade sign ificant mod ifica-tions in the defin ition,c lassification,d iagnosis,pharm acological and non-pharm acological treatm ent of heart failure.S imp li-fication of the recomm endations and enhancem ent of the gu idelines imp lication are also point of focusing.Th is artic le re-presents a brief review of the new gu idelines,togetherw ith comparison w ith the previous ed ition and analysis of recomm en-dations based on local c lin ical practice,to enhance the standard ized m anagem ent of heart failure in Ch ina.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are involved in multiple important cellular responses. To activate their downstream protein kinases by phosphorylation is a crucial manner for MAPK family members to fulfill their physiological functions. Downstream of MAPKs, there exist three structurally related MAPK-activated protein kinases (MAPKAPKs or MKs), i.e., MK2, MK3 and MK5. Once upon activated by MAPKs, MKs signal to different cellular targets, to regulate gene expression at the levels of transcription and translation, control cytoskeleton remodelling and cell cycle, and mediate cell migration and embryonic development. Recently, based on the gene knockout studies, the function divisions among different MK subfamily members are gradually clear, leading to tremendous advancements of our knowledge on MKs.

There are some characteristics in the teaching of amateurish adult medical students.As a bridge connecting basic medicine and clinical medicine,pathophysiology is very important in medical education.Aiming at the specialties of amateurish adult medical students,it has very realistic significance for us to explore and reform the teaching methods of pathophysiology,in order to improve the teaching quality and effect.

Objective To construct pSUPER-ARPC2 vector and to obtain its expression in eukaryotic cell, in order to down-regulate the expression of ARPC2. Methods Oligonucleotide sequences specific for ARPC2 were designed for RNAi, and cloned into pSUPER.basic vector after annealing by restriction enzyme digestion and ligation. After identification by restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing, the plasmid of positive clones was transfected into HEK 293 cells for three times. The expression of ARPC2 was detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. Results It was found that the expression of ARPC2 was definitely knocked down by transfection with pSUPER-ARPC2. Conclusions The RNAi expression vector of ARPC2 was constructed successfully, which was showed to possess the ability to knockdown the expression of ARPC2 by different methods. So, pSUPER-ARPC2 should be a powerful tool in the study of function of ARPC2.

Objective Observe the relation of phlegm-dampness constitution and insulin resistance in first-degree non-diabetic relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods Collected first-degree relatives without mabetes of patients with type 2 diabetic patients 87 cases.Among these 87 cases,39 cases were phlegm-dampness constitution and 48 were not.Fasting plasma glucose(FPG)and fasting insulin(FINS)were measured,and insulin resistance index(IR)was calculated.Results There were significant differences between the two groups in FINS and IR(P＜0.05)..Conclusion The IR of the First-degree non-diabetic relatives with phlegm-dampness constitution of patients with type 2 diabetes have greater insulin resistance than the First-degree non-diabetic relatives with non-phlegm-dampness constitution of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Objective The study was aimed to detect the correlation of B cell activating factor (BAFF) promotor polymorphism-871 C/T and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Methods BAFF promotor polymorphism-871 C/T was detected by the means of allele specific polymerase chain reaction (ASPCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis in 76 cases of SLE and 80 nonthrombosis normal individuals.The data of genotypic frequency and allele genotypic frequency were analyzed statistically with x2 test between the two groups.Results Fifty-one point two percent of normal individuals exhibited C/C.Thirty-five percent were heterozygous for C/T,and 13.8％ were homozygous for T/T.SLE group exhibited a different distribution pattern (30.3％ C/C,43.4％C/T,26.3％T/T).The allele frequency of T in SLE and normal individuals was 48.0％ and 31.2％ respectively.There was significant difference in the BAFF-871 C/T genotypic frequency between the SLE and nonthrombosis normal individuals (P＜0.05).Conclusion The polymorphism-871 C/T of BAFF promoter is correlated with the pathogenesis of SLE.The gene may be a major susceptible gene for SLE in Chinses Han people.Further investigations may be needed.

Objective To evaluate the funding and output of pancreatitis related projects supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC),and provide suggestions for the funding strategy in the field of pancreatitis research.Methods Database of funded projects and completion reports of NSFC between 1990 and 2012 were retrieved.The number of grants,amount of grants,types,contents,and paper output of funded projects were respectively analyzed.Results From 2000 to 2012,114 projects involving pancreatitis were funded by NSFC,including 71 general programs (62.3％),8 regional programs,34 youth programs (29.8％),1 key program.The total fund during 2011-2012 reached 25.44 million RMB for pancreatitis research,which was 2.76 times higher than that of 2000-2010.According to PubMed search,93 SCI papers funded by NSFC were published during 2011-2012,which was 2.07 times more than that of 2000-2010.The researches mostly focused on molecular mechanism and therapeutic effect of acute pancreatitis,chronic pancreatitis and severe acute pancreatitis,which accounted for 61.4％ of all projects.Conclusions The number of grants,amount of grants,and NSFC funded SCI paper output of pancreatitis research have grown steadily,and it indicates that long-term funding of NSFC has played a positive role in promoting the development of clinical and basic research in the field of pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Compared with the metal screws, absorbable screws have more obvious advantages, such as does not have to conduct internal fixation removal, non-metal ic components, no influence on the magnetic resonance imaging of patients after implantation, relatively simple operations, namely dril ing-tapping-screws fixation, more in line with the principles of minimal y invasive in orthopedics. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the biomechanical characteristics of absorbable screw fixation in repair of simple lateral mal eolus fractures by means of finite element technology. METHODS: The three-dimensional model of simple lateral mal eolus fractures and absorbable screw model were established, and then fixed according to standard orthopedic surgical techniques. The reference load when the load bearing of fibulotalar joint reaching the peak value in a normal adult gait cycle was loaded. The stress distribution and displacement of fibula and absorbable screws were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were total y 38 542 units, 8 790 nodes in the single screw fixation model. When the articular facet of lateral mal eolus loading 300 N, the maximum stress of screws was 89.35 MPa, the maximum displacement was 0.5 mm, the maximum displacement of the distal fracture was 0.5 mm. When the articular facet of lateral mal eolus loading 450 N, the maximum stress of screws was 152.58 MPa, the maximum displacement was 0.59 mm, the maximum displacement of the distal fracture was 0.77 mm. There were total y 43 115 units, 9 496 nodes in the double screws fixation model. When the articular facet of lateral mal eolus loading 300 N, the maximum stress of screws was 38 MPa, the maximum displacement was 0.44 mm, the maximum displacement of the distal fracture was 0.44 mm. When the articular facet of lateral mal eolus loading 450 N, the maximum stress of screws was 66.68 MPa, the maximum displacement was 0.48 mm, the maximum displacement of the distal fracture was 0.49 mm. The experiment verified the biomechanical feasibility of absorbable screw fixation in repair of simple lateral mal eolus fractures. For simple involving only the lower lateral fibular fracture, absorbable screw fixation is entirely feasible, and usual y requires at least two screws to maintain the stability of the articular surface of the reset.

AIM:To investigate the effects of peroxiredoxin 4 ( Prdx4) protein expression levels on the migra-tion and invasion of human cervical cancer HeLa cells.METHODS:The plasmid pcDNA3.0-HA-Prdx4 was transfected into HeLa cells.The HeLa cells were infected with LV-Prdx4 RNAi vector to establish stable Prdx4 shRNA HeLa cells. The change in the expression of Prdx4 protein was validated by Western blotting.The wound-healing assay, and Transwell migration and invasion assays were performed to detect the migration and invasion of HeLa cells, respectively.RESULTS:The expression of Prdx4 protein was up-regulated in the HeLa cells after transfection with pcDNA3.0-HA-Prdx4 plasmid ( P<0.05), whereas it was down-regulated in the Prdx4 shRNA HeLa cells (P<0.05).The abilities of migration and inva-sion were significantly increased in Prdx4-overexpressing HeLa cells compared with non-transfected and mock plasmid trans-fected control groups ( P<0.01) .When Prdx4 was knocked down by shRNA, the migration and invasion of the HeLa cells were remarkably repressed compared with blank control group and negative control group ( P<0.01 ) .CONCLUSION:The up-regulation of Prdx4 expression facilitates the migration and invasion of HeLa cells, and the down-regulation of Prdx4 expression inhibits the migration and invasion of HeLa cells, indicating that Prdx4 may be a potential molecular target for cervical cancer therapy.

Objective To investigate the effects of artificial airway cuff pressure at different monitoring intervals on ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) in critical patients. Methods About 56 patients treated with mechanical ventilation from January 2015 to December were grouped by ward numbers:32 patients in the south ward were in the experiment group and 24 in the north ward were in the control group. The two groups were given the same routine care, e.g., mechanical ventilation by endotracheal intubation. In the experiment group, the cuff pressure was controlled to 30cm H2O every six hours and the control group was every 4h. The two groups were compared in terms of the incidence of VAP during mechanical ventilation, occurrence time of VAP, duration of mechanical ventilation and mortality. Result The incidence of VAP during mechanical ventilation, occurrence time of VAP, duration of mechanical ventilation, and mortality showed no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusions For mechanically ventilated patients, the cuff pressure controlled to 30cm H2O every 6h can not increase the incidence of VAP, duration of mechanical ventilation and mortality. It can reduce the nursing workload.