In order to develop a technique which provides not only a route for continuous intravenous administration of drugs,but easy access for TPN support in unrestrained rats as well,we designed a fluid infusion swivel system with implanting and maintaining venous catheter in the superior vena cava of rats,and administered a long- term intravenous infusion in unrestrained rats. The results showed that the average period for which infusion was carried out was 1 0 days,and the infusion was maintained for up to 3week in some of rats.All animals appeared to tolerate infusion catheter without obvious discomfort and minimal restriction of their motion.Kinking and leakage did not occur anymore.We conclude thatthis technique can be readily utilized and has great potential value for studying problems related to surgical nutrition and metabolism.

MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) are a contemporary class of short non-coding RNAs,which play a critical role in diverse biological processes, including development, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis,by suppressing translation of protein coding genes, or cleaving target mRNAs of protein coding genes to induce their degradation. Accordingly, altered miRNA expression is likely to contribute to human disease, including cancer. This review will summarize the emerging knowledge of the association between human miRNA biology and different aspects of carcinogenesis, such as the development, metastesis and therapy strategies.

As an important link of practice teaching, the Fermentation Engineering and Equipment Course Design can play the connecting role between the preceding and the following in the practice teaching, and lay a good foundation for the students to work in the factory after graduation. The article shall exchange and discuss the teaching links, such as the status, opinion, contents and way of the course design.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the effective integration of standardization strategy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and intellectual property. METHODS:Through analyzing the conflict between standardization requirement of TCM and intellectual property system,the coordination between TCM standards and intellectual property especially the trade secret rights was explored. RESULTS:The information disclosure of TCM standards and intellectual property strategy especially protec-tion of TCM trade secrets faced confrontation and conflict in system and design. For the suggestions to solve it,one is to reconfirm the role and positioning of the government on the adaption of standardization in public law field;another is to establish coordina-tion principle of information disclosure and confidentiality in private law field,and achieve difference open and moderate open of information. CONCLUSIONS:The TCM standardization is not absolute,the pros and cons is the precondition to solve the conflict between the standardization strategy and trade secret system in TCM in terms of protection of information freedom and secret infor-mation.

High intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU) technique for hyperthermia has been used widely due to its minimal invasion, high precision, less side-effects and low complication. It has been used in the treatment for prostate cancer, liver cancer, primary malignant osteosarcoma and breast cancer, et al. This paper mainly introduces the clinical application and development of HIFU.

Objective To review the biologic characteristics and biologic effect of cholecystokinine (CCK) on the central nervous system. Methods The literatures of recent years on research advancement of cholecystokinine as neurotransmitters/peptides in signal transduction, neuron protection and pain management in the central nervous system are reviewed. Results CCK possesses the ability to suppress the convulsant effects of convulsants. CCK8 is able to reduce the neural damage caused and delay the neural aging. CCK antagonists play an important role in human pain transduction. Conclusion CCK has been proven to be one of the richest neurotransmitters/neuropeptides as well as an important signal factor in the brain, and its important biologic effect is being confirmed.

Objective To study the effects and mechanisms of major immune nutrients and to introduce the progresses of clinical applications about enteral immunonutrition.Methods The related literatures about the effects and clinical applications of enteral immunonutrition were reviewed.Results Infection rate can be reduced and the hospitalization can be shortened as a result of the improved nutritional status and immune competence of patients which can be enhanced by reasonable enteral immune nutrition.Most of the patients suffering from serious diseases can benefit from enteral immunonutrition,such as gastrointestinal cancers,post-transplantation complications,chronic liver disorders,acute pancreatitis and so on.However,as a new nutrition therapy,the clinical use of enteral immunonutrition in critically ill patients is still controversial.Conclusions Enteral immunonutrition plays an important role in the nutritional support of patients with serious diseases,such as gastrointestinal cancers,organ failures.However,much work remains to be done.

Medical tourism has grown into a booming market worldwide,which however remains at a startup stage in China given its fast development in recent years.This paper probed into the present status of medical tourism at home and abroad,discussed key roadblocks to tackle for medical tourism,including government regulations,medical resources,international certification,promotions and marketing,language barriers,and visa.On such basis,the authors come up with the following recommendations:enhance policy support and complete the governance of medical tourism; tap resources of public hospitals and encourage private involvement; encourage international certification of medical institutions to explore overseas medical tourism; encourage tourist firms to develop medical tourim products and promoting medical tourism; build brands and complete product lines.

BACKGROUND:Several studies have demonstrated that the number of alveolar epithelial cells decreases gradually as pulmonary fibrosis develops,but the reasons remain unknown.The expression of P16,CyclinD1,and CDK4 might be abnormal and P16-CyclinD1/CDK4 call cycle regulatory pathway may play an important role in the progressive reduction of alveolar epithelial cells during pulmonary fibrosis.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the dynamic expression of P16,CyclinD1,and CDK4 in the pulmonary tissue of bleomycin-inducad pulmonary fibrosis mice.METHODS:Pulmonary fibrosis was induced in 6-week-old KM mice by intratracheal injection of bleomycin(BLM group).The control mice were administered the same volume of physiological saline(control roup).At 3,7,14,and 28 days after modeling,hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to observe the pathomorphological changes of lung tissue.P16,CydinD1,and CDK4protein expression in lung tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In the BLM group,typical changes of pulmonary fibrosis were observed,and P16 and CDK4protein expression in the pulmonary tissue increased with time,but CyclinD1 protein expression was decreased with time.P16and CDK4 protein-positive calls in the BLM group were more than in the control group.Compared with the control group,P16protein expression in the BLM group was higher at 14 and 28 days after modeling(P<0.01)and CDK4 protein expression was higher at 7,14 and 28 days after modeling(P<0.05).CydinD1 protein-positive cells and protein expression were greater at 3and 7 days after modeling in the BLM group(P<0,05),but they were less at 28 days after modeling(P<0.05),than in the control group.At 14 days after modeling,CydinD1 protein-positive cells in the BLM group were more,but CyclinD1 protein expression was ess,than in the control group(P<0.05).These findings suggest that P16,CyclinD1 and CDK4 protein expression was abnormal during pulmonary fibrosis and P16-CyclinD1/CDK4 cell cycle regulatory pathway greatly results in progressive reduction of alveolar epithelial calls during this process.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the materials and design of intraocular lens for traumatic cataract caused by sports injuries.METHODS: The databases of Medline and CNKI were retrieved by computer with key words of "sports injury, cataract, and intraocular lens". The languages were restricted as Chinese and English. By searching, 12 literatures concerning intraocular lens for traumatic cataract caused by sports injuries were selected, including 3 written in English and 9 in Chinese.RESULTS: One of the causes for cataract is sports injury. Every year, thousands of cases suffered eye damages in China due to sports. Here, first, a brief introduction of the causes of cataract was presented, and then the suitable intraocular lens implantation for athletes was prepared, finally, the materials and design of intraocular lens was discussed.CONCLUSION: The intraocular lens is developed fast both in basic theory and clinic, which exhibit good features in biocompatibility, visual function, regulatory ability, as well as photoprotection following transplantation. The widening of intraocular lens can provide more choices for physicians, and the life quality of patient was obviously improved.