Objective To establish an in vitro accelerated release method of triptorelin acetate microspheres with good in vi-tro/in vivo correlation(IVIVC). Methods The in vivo release of triptorelin acetate from microspheres was obtained by residual method in rats. Influences of pH value,concentration of ethanol,temperature,rotation speed and concentration of antiseptic on the in vitro accel-erated release were studied,then the correlation between in vitro accelerated release and in vivo release of the microspheres was estab-lished by adjusting the release conditions. Results The in vitro accelerated release medium of triptorelin acetate microspheres composed of 15%ethanol solution(containing 0.06%Tween 80 and 0.1%benzalkonium chloride)at 55℃with rotating rate of 200 r/min. The cumulative release of triptorelin acetate from microspheres was 87.35%at 30 h under accelerated release condition,equivalent to in vivo release for 30 days. The established in vitro accelerated release had a good correlation with that of in vivo(y=0.8845x+12.4510, R2=0.9938). Conclusion The in vitro accelerated release of triptorelin acetate microspheres could correlate well with in vivo release and has a potential application in rapid and effective evaluation of triptorelin acetate microspheres.

Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain caused by primary nervous system damage and nerve dysfunction. Its pathogenesis is complex and diverse. It is difficult to treat clinically. In recent years, researchers used electroacupuncture to treat neuropathic pain and obtained a desirable effect. This article summarizes recent years’ studies on the main mechanisms of neuropathic pain and the intervention effect of electroacupuncture to provide reference for following studies on electroacupuncture treatment of neuropathic pain.

Objective To compare the clinical effects of 577 nm and 532 nm laser panretinal photocoagulation in the treatment of severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR).Methods A prospective,controlled trial was conducted in 42 patients(64 eyes)with severe NPDR,who were randomly divided into 577 nm group and 532 nm group.All of patients received PRP with the single-point model.Preoperative and postoperative 1 day,1 month,3 and 6 months,the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA),fundus,optical coherence tomography (OCT) and full field flash electroretinogram (F-ERG) were examined.After treatment 3 and 6 months,fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) examination was performed between two groups.Results In 577 nm group and 532 nm group,the average number of laser spot was (1969.25 ± 278.19) and (2098.16 ± 289.27) respectively;average laser power was (425.23 ± 50.15)mW and (438.15 ± 38.48)mW respectively;and average energy density was (7.54 ± 1.54) mW · ms · μm-2 and (7.68 ± 3.01)mW · ms · μm-2.There was no difference in number of laser spot(t =2.68),laser power (t =1.46) and energy density (t =2.15) between the two groups (all P ＞ 0.05),and the differences of macular central thickness after treatment 1 month,3 and 6 months (t =1.98,1.88,1.81 respectively) approached no statistical significance between the two groups (all P ＞ 0.05),while F-ERG a,b wave amplitudes after treatment 1 month,3 and 6 months (a wave:t =5.94,5.19,6.97;b wave:t =5.67,4.56,5.12) had significant differences between groups (all P ＜ 0.05).The effective rate of treating 6 months after operation in the two groups were 87.5％ and 46.9％ respectively,with significant difference (x2 =7.56,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion 577 nm laser is more effective and has less damage to visual function than 532 nm laser in the treatment of NPDR.

Objective:To investigate the diagnostic performance of Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampin (Xpert MTB/RIF) assay for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Methods:Clinical data of 226 patients with AIDS and suspected pulmonary TB in Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University from July 2017 to November 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Fluorescence staining microscopy of sputum smear, BACTEC MGIT 960 liquid culture (or Roche solid culture) and Xpert MTB/RIF assay were implemented respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF in the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection and rifampin resistance were analyzed. Results:Totally 226 patients of suspected pulmonary TB were enrolled. There were 94(41.6%) patients had positive mycobacterium culture, in which 51 (54.3%) were MTB and 43 (45.7%) were nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Using the positive MTB culture of sputum and mycobacterial protein from BCG of Rm 0.64 in electrophoresis (MPB64) as reference standard, the sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF assay for MTB diagnosis were 72.6%(95% confidence interval ( CI) 66.7%-78.4%) and 97.1% (95% CI 95.0%-99.3%), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF assay for MTB diagnosis in patients with positive sputum smear were 76.7%(95% CI 67.7%-85.8%) and 90.0(95% CI 83.6%-96.5%), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF assay for MTB diagnosis in patients with negative sputum smear were 50.0%(95% CI 41.8%-58.2%)and 99.3%(95% CI 97.9%-100.0%), respectively. With phenotypic resistance as reference standard, the sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF assay for rifampicin resistance were 75.0% and 100.0%, respectively. Conclusion:Among AIDS patients, the performance of Xpert MTB/RIF assay for pulmonary TB diagnosis is pretty good and could differentiate MTB from NTM rapidly, which has good application value.

Objective:To analyze the pathological patterns, clinical features, and prognosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection complicated with kidney disease.Methods:A retrospective analysis of 21 renal damage cases in HIV-infected patients undergoing renal biopsy from June 2016 to November 2019 in Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University was conducted. The clinical features, renal pathological patterns, therapies and outcomes were summarized and analyzed.Results:The age of 21 patients was (45.4±11.0) years. There were 19 men and two women. The CD4 + T lymphocyte count was (473.7±218.4) cells/μL. The HIV RNA levels were measured in 20 patients, and 13 cases (65.0%) were less than 40 copies/mL. A total of 18 cases (85.7%) had initiated antiretroviral therapy before renal biopsy, and the treatment time was 12 (1, 47) months. As for the clinical diagnosis, 14 cases (66.7%) were nephrotic syndrome and seven cases (33.3%) were nephritic syndrome. Renal pathology reports showed that HIV immune-complex kidney disease was the most common pathology pattern, accounting for 42.9% (9/21), followed by podocytopathy and diabetic nephropathy, both accounting for 23.8% (5/21), respectively. The IgA nephropathy (23.8%, 5/21) was the most common subtype of HIV immune-complex kidney disease, while minimal change disease (19.0%, 4/21) was the most common one of podocytopathy. However, classic HIV-associated nephropathy was not found in the study. The follow-up period was (12.5±9.2) months. During this period, the nephropathy conditions of nine patients were improved, eight were stable, two deteriorated, and two died. Conclusions:IgA nephropathy, minimal change disease and diabetic nephropathy are the top three patterns of renal pathology in patients with HIV infection. Most cases have good prognosis after treatments. For HIV-infected patients with serious renal damage, timely kidney biopsy is vital to determine pathological pattern, and to subsequently guide the clinical treatment and evaluate the prognosis.