Double immunohistochemistry staining method was used to visualize Leu-and Met-enkephalin-immunoreactive(L-ENK-ir and M-ENK-ir) terminals on oxytocin (OT)- and vasopressin(VP)-containing cells and their processes of the rat hypothalamus. The L-ENK-ir and M-ENK-ir nerve endings were found in various density in the supraoptic nucleus(SON), the paraventricular nucleus(PVN) and each of the accessory neurosecretory cell groups of the hypothalamus. The density of the L-ENK-ir endings paralleled to, but always higher than that of the M-ENK-ir terminals in the magnocellular neurosecretory cell groups. The density of the L-ENK-ir and M-ENK-ir endings was highest in the periventricular area(PeV), the anterior commissural nucleus(ACN), the dorsal medial and dorsal lateral accessory nuclei (DMN and DLN), the anterior and posterior fornical nuclei(AFN and PFN), moderate in the SON and PVN, and lowest in the nucleus circularis (NC) and the lateral hypothalamic perivascular nuclei(LHPVN). In all the cell groups, the L-ENK-ir and M-ENK-ir terminals which were found in contact with the OT- and VP-containing cells and dendrites were consistant with the density of the endings in the same area. These results indicate that ENK-ir afferents may be in extensive contact with the OT-and VP-containing cells and dendrites in the SON, PVN and the accessory magnocellular neurosecretory cell groups of the hypothalamus. These ENK-ir afferents probably play an important role in the regulation of the secretion of OT and VP.

The monoaminergic afferents to the magnocellular neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei (SON and PVN) have been studied in many aspacts. In the present paper, double immunohistochemistry staining method was used to visualize catecholaminergic, i.e. tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir), and serotonin- immunoreactive (5-HT-ir) terminals on oxytocin (OT)- and vasopressin (VP)- containing cells and dendrites not only in the SON and PVN, but also in most of the accessory magnocellular neurosecretory nuclei of the hypothalamus in the rat. Both the 5-HT-ir and TH-ir terminals were found in close proximity to the OT- and VP- containing cells and dendrites in various magnocellular neurosecretory cell groups, but differing in their density. There was fairly high density of the TH-ir endings in most of the accessory neurosecretory cell groups of the hypothalamus. Fairly high to moderate density of the 5-HT-ir terminals were mainly found in the accessory cell groups. It seems that the magnocellular neurosecretory cell groups are differently regulated by CA and 5-HT inputs.

PAP and ABC methods have been used to detect the Oxytocin-like (OXT-L) neurons in the hypothalamus of the rat and the results obtained were compared with the CT-HRP retrograde tracing study from the posterior pituitary to the hypothalamus by Ju et al. It was verified that the projections to the posterior pituitary came from the supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, anterior and posterior fornical nucleus, perivascular cell groups, preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas, the dorsal accessory cell groups, and the periventricular area, especially forming subependymal plexuses along the lateral wall of the third ventricle and beneath the interventricular foramen. By combining WGA-HRP retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry methods, OXT-L neurons in all the above listed nuclei or cell groups were found to project to the posterior pituitary. The subependymal plexuses may serve as a link between the CSF in the ventricles and the posterior pituitary.

A sensitive ABC or PAP immunohistochemical technique visualized with glucose oxidase-DAB-nickel method was used to examine the distribution and characteristics of the supraependymal serotoninergic nerve fibers (5-HT-SEP) in the adult rat forebrain. Three types of fibers could be distinguished: a few thick fibers (about 0.9?m in diameter), large amount of intermediate fibers (about 0.4?m in diameter), and numerous thin fibers (about 0.1?m in diameter). Although the 5-HT-SEP were found in all areas of the forebrain ependyma, the density and distribution patterns of different fiber types varied. In addition, the correspondence between the densities of ependymal cilia and 5-HT-SEP indicates the modulation of the cilia activity by 5-HT-SEP.

Comparative investigation of the distribution of galanin-immunoreactive (GAL-ir) nerve fibers in the neural lobe of the human being, monkey, dog, cat and rat was studied immunohistochemically. The density of GAL-ir fibers in the posterior pituitary was highest in the dog and rat, moderate in the monkey and cat; and lowest in the human being. A dense accumulation of positive fibers appeared in the pituitary stalk bordoring the intermediate lobe. The fiber density in the central part of the posterior pituitary was slightly higher than at its periphery in the human and monkey. Moderate amount of fibers were found to spread all over the neural lobe of the dog and rat, with slightly higher density in the posterior part of the dog. In the cat, the highest density of GAL-ir fibers was found along the wall of the recess hypophysis. A slightly increasing fibers or fiber clumps were seen in the peripheral region of posterior pituitary in four species of the animals and human being. Some fibers were found surrounding the blood vessels or located in their walls.

Immunohistochemical method was used to investigate the morphology and distribution of the oxytocin immunoreactive (OXT-ir) neurons and their dendrites in the subependymal plexus (SEP) around the third ventricle (OXT-SEP). The OXT-ir neurons were of magnocellular neurosecretory type which often intercalated between the ependymal cells, their dendrites were generally long and straight and mostly paralleled to or traveled within the ependyma,some of them could protrude into the ventricle, and most of them appeared heavily vacuous and have a strong tendency of grouping into fascicles. The plexus was composed of dorsal and ventral parts, the former corresponding to the extent of the magnocellular paraventricular nuclei and was extensive and dense, the dendrites were well organized; the latter was more sparse. The cell bodies and dendrites within and between different parts might mix or contact with each other. The functional significance of the plexus is discussed.

Leu-enkphalin-like(L-ENK-L)neurons of the hypothalamus and its adjacentarea of the rat were stained immunohistochemically.It has been found that besidesthe area previously reported in the literature L-ENK-L neurons are also present inSFO and the ependyma of the third ventricle.By combining WGA-HRP retrogradetracing and immunohistochemical method,L-ENK-L neurons in supraoptic nucleus,paraventricular nucleus,periventricular area and anterior fornical nucleus were foundto project to the posterior pituitary,in which some neurons squeeze in between theependymal cells.The subependymal neurons may serve as a link between the ven-tricle and the posterior pituitary.

duodenum.Conclution Nattokinase could be absorbed into blood plasm in small intestine.

With the development of Chinese education system, academic students in medical university can not meet the demand of current social development. The combination of teaching and research ideas should run through the whole teaching process, which is an important approach to bring up innovative talents. This article focuses on teaching process of rehabilitation medicine, and how to run research ideas through each sections of rehabilitation medicine. Research ideas begins with teaching, shaped in clinical practice, and being applied for clinical work. That is just the right thinking for cultivating outstanding medical specialists in the 21st century.

Objective To explore the protective effects and the mechanisms of peritoneal dialysis (PD) on multiple organs induced by acute organophosphoms pesticide poisoning(AOPP)in order to get a scientific basis for the application of PD to treat AOPP patients. Method The model of AOPP rabbits was made by intragastric administration of 25 mg/kg(0.5LD50)40% omethoate, and the symptoms of poisoning such as myosis, salivating and muscular tremor were observed. Eighteen male Japanese rabbits were randomly divided into control group and peritoneal dialysis group (PD group). Pralidoxime chloride and atropine were given by intra-muscular injection to rabbits of control group (re = 9). Rabbits of PD group ( n = 9) had a tube inserted into peritoneal cavity and peritoneal dialysis was given for 10 times after administration of pralidoxim chloride and atropine. Serum TNF-α,CK-MB (M.B. isoerizyme of creatine kinase), ALT, creatinine, and amylase were observed dynamically. The dialysate of peritoneal dialysis was remained in the peritoneal cavity for testing the nature of intoxicant by using Varian 3900/ Saturn 2100T GC/MS device. All data were analyzed with SPSS version 12.0 software. Statistical comparison between two groups was carried out by using student t-test and analysis of variance(ANOVA) followed by Dunnett-ttests before and after intoxication. The pearson correlation analysis was used for determination of the relationship between TNF-α and other biomarkers. Results After intoxication, serum TNF-α, CK-MB, ALT and amylase increased except creatinine, but the serum levels of those biomarkers in PD group were significantly lower than those in control group.The level of TNF-a had positive correlations with CK-MB ( r = 0.470), ALT ( r = 0.649), and amylase ( r = 0.517). The omethoate was detected in the dialysate of peritoneal dialysis. Conclusions Organophosphorus pesticides can lead the cardiac muscle, liver, kidney and pancreas to the injury through several mechanisms,and the inflammatory mediators play important role in the development of MODS induced by AOPP. Peritoneal dialysis can clean up intoxicants slowly and continuously and in turn lower down the level of inflammatory mediators resulted in protecting multiple organs from AOPP.