Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine alternative to propofol administered in general anesthesia on maintainance and recovery in patients undergoing gynecologic laparoscopy.Methods One hundred and twenty patients undergoing gynecologic laparoscopy,were divided into group C,D1 and D2 with 40 cases each by random digits table method.Group C received propofol 100 μ g / (kg min) and remifentanil 0.10-0.25 μ g / (kg min) intravenous infusion,group D1 received propofol 100 μ g/(kg min),remifentanil 0.10-0.25 μ g/(kg min) and dexmedetomidine 0.2 μ g/(kg h) intravenous infusion,while group D2 received dexmedetomidine 2.0-3.0 μ g / (kg h) and remifentanil 0.10-0.25 μ g/ (kg min).Cis-atracurium was given on time to maintainance of anesthesia.The heart rate (HR),mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded at the following time points:arriving at operating room (To),anesthesia induction (T1),intubation (T2),skin incision (T3),pneumoperitoneum (T4),10 min after pneumoperitoneum (T5),20 min after pneumoperitoneum (T6),the end of operation (T7),discharge from post anesthesia care unit(T8) and the first postoperative day (T9).The time of emergence,extubation and duration in post anesthesia care unit were recorded too.Ramsay scale and Riker Sedation-Agitation Scale on emergence,extubation and discharge from post anesthesia care unit and post anesthesia recovery score at T9 were also recorded.Results The MAP in group D2 was higher at T3 to T7 time-points than that in group C and group D1 [(93 ± 10),(99 ± 11),(94 ± 13),(95 ± 10),(91 ± 10) mm Hg (1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa) vs.(88± 11),(90± 10),(87±9),(86±9),(83±8)mmHgand (87±9),(90± 10),(86±8),(85 ±7),(83 ± 7) mm Hg],there were significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).There were no significant difference among groups on the HR at each time point and the time of emergence,extubation and duration in post anesthesia care unit (P ＞ 0.05).Ramsay scale was lower on emergence and Riker Sedation-Agitation Scale was higher on emergence and extubation in group C than that in group D1 and group D2 [(3.7 ± 1.3) scores vs.(4.0 ± 0.9),(4.2 ±0.9) scores,(3.1 ± 1.0) scores vs.(2.8 ±0.6),(2.7 ±0.9) scores,(3.3 ±0.7) scores vs.(3.2 ± 0.4),(3.0 ± 0.5) scores],there were significant differences (P ＜ 0.05).Riker Sedation-Agitation Scale was higher on extubation in group D1 than that in group D2(P ＜ 0.05).Post anesthesia recovery score at T9 in group D2 was apparently increased compared with that in group C and group D1 [(108 ± 10) scores vs.(93 ± 13),(93 ± 15) scores] (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Dexmedetomidine 2.0-3.0 μ g/ (kg h) administered in general anesthesia on maintainance in gynecologic laparoscopy can improve the quality of extubation and promote postoperative recovery without prolonging extubation time,but have a influence on hemodynamic changes at early stage of pneumoperitoneum.

Objective To evaluate the effects of lateral position on fiberoptic bronchoscope (FOB)-guided orotracheal intubation under general anesthesia in the patients with ankylosing spondylitis.Methods Forty-five patients with ankylosing spondylitis, aged 19-63 yr, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ, were divided into 2 groups using the random number table: group supine position (group S, n=22) and group lateral position (group L, n=23).After induction of general anesthesia, orotracheal intubation was performed under the guidance of FOB.Intubation time, catheterization time, intubation condition and intubation-related complications were recorded.Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were also recorded before anesthesia induction, immediately before intubation, immediately after onset of intubation, and at 2 and 4 min after intubation.Results The success rates of intubation were both 100％ in the two groups.Compared with group S, the intubation time and catheterization time were significantly shortened, the success rates of intubation and catheterization at first attempt were increased, MAP and HR were decreased immediately after onset of intubation, and no significant change was found in intubation-related complications in group L.Conclusion Lateral position can raise the success rate of FOB-guided orotracheal intubation under general anesthesia with shorter operation time, it is helpful in stabilizing hemodynamics during intubation, and intubation-related complications are fewer in the patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

Objective To evaluate the effects of total intravenous anesthesia without muscle relaxants on motor evoked potential (MEP) monitoring during scoliosis surgery.Methods Fifty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes,aged 18-25 yr,scheduled for posterior spinal fusion surgery,were randomly divided into 2 groups with 25 patients in each group: muscle relaxants combined with total intravenous anesthesia group (group Ⅰ) and total intravenous anesthesia without muscle relaxant group (group Ⅱ).In both groups,a loading dose of dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg was infused over 20 min,followed by infusion at 0.2 μg· kg-1 · h-1.After the loading dose of dexmedetomidine was given,anesthesia was induced,the patients were tracheal intubated and mechanically ventilated.Anesthesia was maintained with remifentanil 0.2μg· kg-1 · min-1 and propofol 80-120 μg· kg-1 · min-1.The bispectral index value was maintained at 40-60.Train of four stimulation of ulnar nerve was used to monitor the neuro-muscu-lar block.Cisatracurium was infused at 0.5-1.5 μg·kg-1 ·min-1,T1 was maintained at 45％-55％,and the infusion was stopped 30 min before the isolation of paraspinal muscles was completed in group Ⅱ.MEP were monitored and recorded during the period when the administration of the muscle relaxation was stopped,and the degree of muscle relaxation was assessed by the surgeon.The successful wake-up test was recorded.Results The incidence of successful MEP monitoring was significantly higher in group Ⅱ than in group Ⅰ (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the degree of muscle relaxation between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).All the patients were successfully woken up.Conclusion Total intravenous anesthesia without muscle relaxants can provide satisfactory muscle relaxation for scoliosis surgery and increase the probability of successful MEP monitoring simultaneously.

Objective To compare the effects of sevoflurane and isoflurane on ventilation function during laparoscopic cholecystectomy by monitoring side stream spirometry(SSS).Methods Totally 40 adult patients(ASA grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ),who were to undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy,were randomly divided into sevoflurane group(group Ⅰ) and isoflurane group(group Ⅱ),with 20 cases in each.The two groups were given same preoperative medication and induction of anesthesia.Anesthesia maintenance was performed with inhaling of 1% sevoflurane or 1% isoflurane,combined with continuous intravenous infusion of propofol [3 to 5 mg/(kg?h)] and atracurium [0.3 to 0.5 mg/(kg?h)].The changes of the lung compliance and Airway resistance of the two groups,as well as dead space ratio,were observed in the two groups.Results ① Compared with the patients received intubation at the supine position,the two groups showed reduced pulmonary compliance(Cdyn) and significantly increased airway pressure(Paw,P

OBJECTIVE To analyze the status quo of pathogenic bacteria distribution and drug resistance of hospital infection in intensive care unit,to provide evidence for the guidance of clinical rational administration and to decrease the hospital infection. METHODS Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from patients who suffered from hospital infection in intensive care unit from 2001 to 2004.K-B slip diffusion method was taken to carry out the sensitive test.Rate of drug resistance of the pathogenic bacteria was analyzed. RESULTS As the bacteria distribution,the highest isolated rate was 60.77%,which was isolated from the sample of respiratory tract.The main pathogenic bacteria were the Gram-negative bacilli(47.69%).And the second pathogenic bacteria were the mycetes(37.69%).The Gram-positive cocci(14.62%) occupied the third.The monitoring of the drug resistance showed that rate of the drug fast was rather higher.The detection rate of the meticillin-resistant staphylococci was 81.82%.The detection rate of the ESBLs from the Escherichia coli and the Klebsiella pneumoniae was 75.00% and 57.14%,respectively. CONCLUSIONS Intensive care unit is one of the highest risk departments for the hospital infection.Generally,the pathogenic bacteria are the multidrug-resistant ones.Enhanced monitoring on pathogenic bacteria distribution and drug resistance analyses of hospital infection in intensive care unit could benefit for the guide of clinical rational administration,the depression of multidrug-resistant bacteria,and the decrease in hospital infection.

Objective To determine the risk factors for postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) after orthopedic surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.Methods Sixty-five patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,aged 11-18 yr,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery with general anesthesia,were enrolled in this study.On admission to hospital (T0),before surgery (T1),at the end of surgery (T2) and on 2nd day after surgery (T3),blood samples were taken from the peripheral vein for determination of serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentrations.Cognitive function was evaluated using a set of neuropsychological tests at 1 day before surgery and 7 days after surgery.Baseline patient characteristics such as age,gender,years of education and medical history,intraoperative fluid intake and output,surgery time,extubation time,postoperative visual analog scale score and related complications were recorded.Patients were divided into either POCD group or non-POCD group according to the diagnostic criteria of POCD.Logistic regression analysis was used to pick out the risk factors for POCD.Results Sixty-three patients completed this trial.The incidence of POCD was 24％.Compared with non-POCD group,the serum IL-10 concentration at T0 and serum TNF-α concentration at T3 were significantly increased,the IL-10/TNF-α ratio was decreased,and the length of postoperative hospital stay was prolonged in POCD group (P＜0.05).The results of logistic regression analysis showed that increased concentrations of serum IL-10 at T0 and TNF-α at T3 were risk factors for POCD.Conclusion Increased serum concentrations of IL-10 on admission to hospital and TNF-α on 2nd after surgery are risk factors for POCD in the patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Objective To investigate the analgesic effects of intrathecal dexamethasone injection on pain induced by chronic compression of dorsal root ganglion in mouse.Methods Using rat model of radicular pain induced by chronic compression of dorsal root ganglion ( CCD), 40 male SD rats successfully received intrathecal catheter implantation and without motor dysfunction were randomly divided into 5 groups:Sham-operation group ( Sham group, n = 8 ), Control group ( CCD group, n = 8), Dexamethasone group ( D group, n = 8), Akt inhibitor V group (A group, n = 8 ) and Dexamethasone plus Akt inhibitor Ⅳ group (DA group, n = 8 ).Rats in D group, A group or DA group were intrathecally treated with dexamethasone (100μg/kg) ,Akt inhibitor Ⅳ (0.6μg/10μl) or dexamethasone ( 100 μg/kg) plus Akt inhibitor Ⅳ (0.6 μg/10 μl) on Day 3,13 after CCD respectively, while rats in C and Sham group received Vehicle (10% DMSO).Paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) and paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL) were tested on 3 d before and 3 d,4 d,7 d,10 d,13 d,14 d and 15 d after operation.Results Compared with Sham group,both PWMT (P＜0.01) and PWTL (P＜0.01) were significantly decreased after CCD surgery on the ipsilateral side.After dexamethasone and Akt inhibitor were respectively intrathecally injected at 3 postoperative day,PWMT (7.33 ± 1.03 ) g, (5.67 ± 1.03 ) g, (2.67 ± 1.03 ) g (P ＜0.01 ) ,PWTL( 16.47 ±0.46)s, ( 14.48 ±0.84) s, ( 10.82 ±2.21 ) s(P＜0.01 ) ,then decreased gradually,and intrathecally injected again at 13 postoperative day, PWMT ( 7.33 ± 1.03 ) g, ( 5.67 ± 1.03 ) g, (2.33 ± 0.81 ) g (P ＜0.01 ), PWTL( 16.44 ±0.90) s, ( 14.01 ±0.82)s, ( 10.22 ± 1.28)s (P＜0.01).Coadministration dexamethasone and Akt inhibitor exhibit significant synergies, postoperative 4 d PWMT( 10.83 ± 2.04)g, (2.67 ± 1.03 )g (P ＜0.01),PWTL(19.11 ±2.01)s,(10.82 ±2.21)s (P＜0.01);14 d PWMT (7 ±0.82)g,(2.33 ±0.81)g (P ＜ 0.01 ), PWTL( 17.16 ± 1.14)s, ( 10.22 ± 1.28 ) s (P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusion Intrathecal high-dose dexamethas one or PKB / Akt inhibitors can effectively improve pain behavior response induced by chronic compression of dorsal root ganglia,combination of these two drugs could generate significant synergies, and the effection is more obvious, more durable.

Objective To study the trends of injury mortality rates among residents in Dafeng city from 1976 to 2006, and provide a scientific basis for preventing and controlling injure. Methods The death registry data from 1976 to 2006 in Dafeng city was collected and its injury death trends was analyzed with joinpoint regression method and the relationships of injury mortality rates with sex, age and time were analyzed with Poisson regression method. Results A total of 13905 cases died from injuries in Dafeng city from 1976 to 2006. The gross injury death rate was 61.40 per 100 000, 70.18 per 100 000 in male and 51.85 per 100 000 in female (P

Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on quality of wake-up test in the patients undergoing posterior osteotomy correction surgery.Methods Ninety-seven patients of both sexes,aged 17-59 yr,of ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,with body mass index 18.5-25.0 kg/m2 and global kyphosis angle＞60°,scheduled for elective posterior osteotomy correction surgery under general anesthesia,were randomly divided into 2 groups using a random number table:control group C (n=46) and group D (n =51).In group D,dexmedetomidine 1.0 μg/kg was infused over 15 min before induction of anesthesia,and group C received the equal volume of normal saline instead.Anesthesia was induced with iv midazolam,propofol,fentanyl,vecuronium and dexamethasone in C and D groups.Mechanical ventilation was performed after tracheal intubation.Anesthesia was maintained with infusion of cisstracurium,propofol and remifentanil.Dexmedetomidine 0.3 μg · kg-1 · h-1 was infused throughout the surgery in group D,and meanwhile normal saline was given throughout the surgery in group C.The anesthetic drugs for maintenance except dexmedetomidine were discontinued at the beginning of the wake-up test.The wake-up time was recorded and the wake-up quality was assessed.Ramsay sedation scores and Riker sedation-agitation scale scores were also recorded when all the patients were successfully awakened.The development of cardiovascular events during wake-up test and intraoperative awareness was recorded.Results The wake-up quality was significantly higher,Riker sedation-agitation scale scores were lower,Ramsay sedation scores were higher,the incidence of nausea and vomiting was lower,and no significant change was found in wake-up time in group D.No intraoperative awareness was observed in the two groups.Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can raise wake-up quality without prolonging wake-up time and with stable hemodynamics and fewer side effects in the patients undergoing posterior osteotomy correction surgery.

Objective To investigate the effects of different doses of intrathecal magnesium on bone cancer pain (BCP) in mice.Methods Two hundred and eighty-eight male C3H/HeJ mice,aged 8-10 weeks,weighing 18-22 g,were randomly divided into 6 groups (n =48 each):control group (group C) ; sham operation group (group S) ; BCP + artificial cerebro-spinal fluid (aCSF) 5 μl group (group BCP) ; BCP + MgSO4 14.4 μg group (group M1 ) ; BCP + MgSO4 43.2 μg group (group M2 ) and BCP + MgSO4 86.4 μg group (group M3 ).BCP was produced by injecting fibrosarcoma cells of bone into the medullary cavity of right femur.Intrathecal catheter was placed in the 4 BCP groups.The aCSF 5 μl or MgSO4 14.4μg/5 μl,43.2 μg/5 μl,or 86.4μg/5 μl was injected intrathecally on 14th day after inoculation of tumor cells.The paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimuli (PWMT) and paw withdrawal lateney to thermal stimuli (PWTL) were measured at 0.5 h before administration (T0 ) and at 0.5,2,4 and 8 h after administration (T1-4).Eight animals chosen from each group at T0-4 were sacrificed,and L4-5 segment of the spinal cord was removed for determination of NR2B expression (by immuno-flurorescence) in the spinal cord.Results PWMT and PWTL were significantly decreased at T0-4,and NR2B expression was significantly up-regulated at T0-4 in groups BCP,M1,M2,M3 compared with groups C and S ( P ＜0.05).Compared with group BCP,PWMT and PWTL were significandy increased at T1-3,and NR2B expression was significantly down-regulated at T1-3 in groups M2 and M3 ( P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group M2,PWMT and PWTL were significantly increased at T1-3,and NR2B expression was significantly down-regulated at T1-3 in group M3 ( P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Intrathecal magnesium can reduce BCP in a dose-dependent manner in mice.