Heritable changes in gene expression are regarded as epigenetics,which do not involve coding sequence modifications.The study of ophthalmology epigenetics is a rapidly growing area in biomedical research.Epigenetic mechanisms principally include DNA methylation,histone modification,chromatin remodeling and noncoding RNA.Aberrant DNA methylation and histone modification are linked to a number of age-related disorders,such as cancer,autoimmune and others.In recent years,the modulations of epigenetic changes on the pathogenesis of eye disorders and their roles in therapeutic interventions are drawing more and more attention,and these studies deepen the understanding of relevant diseases.Since the epigenetic alterations are reversible,modifying epigenetic marks contributing to eye diseases provide a new approach to the development of disease prevention,diagnosis and therapies.Herein we discuss the roles of epigenetic changes in eye disease development,hoping that ophthalmologists and researchers pay attention to these researching cues in pathogenesis of eye disorders caused by genetic expression alterations in response to environmental changes,importantly,to the implication for relevant eye disease therapy and prevention.

OBJECTIVE:To systematically review the cost-effectiveness of insulin degludec(IDeg)in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM)and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM). METHODS:A systematic review of literatures was conducted via PubMed,EMBase,The Cochrane Library,CNKI,Wanfang Data,VIP,IDF,ISPOR,ADA and EASD from the inception to Janu-ary 2016,to identify pharmacoeconomics evaluation literatures and non-economic studies related to IDeg in the treatment of T1DM and T2DM,compared with other basic insulin [insulin glargine(IGlar),insulin detemir(IDet),neutral protamine hagedom insulin (NPH)]. RESULTS:A total of 8 studies were included and all of them were carried out in European countries. In the short-term (one year),IDeg was more economical when compared with other basic insulin in patients with T1DM. The studies related to the long-term treatment of T1DM demonstrated different conclusions,but most of studies came to a conclusion that IDeg had good cost-effectiveness. For patients with T2DM,all of the studies demonstrated that IDeg was cost-effectiveness compared with IGlar. CONCLUSIONS:Compared with other basic insulin,IDeg can improve therapeutic efficacy and the quality of life,as well as re-duce the cost of ADR as hypoglycaemia. IDeg is a dominant or cost-effective treatment opinion.

Objective There are quite a few chemotherapeutic adjuvants for the treatment of advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma, but all have their adverse effects. This study was to evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects of the induction chemotherapy of S?1 plus docetaxel and cisplatin in the treatment of advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma. Methods Totally, 84 patients with advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma were randomly divided into an observation and a control group of equal number, the former trea?ted with S?1 plus docetaxel and cisplatin and the latter with 5?fluorouracil, docetaxel and cisplatinand, both for two cycles ( 1 cycle =21 d) . Then the effects and adverse events were evaluated and compared between the two groups of patients. Results No statistically significant differences were observed in the response rate between the observation and control groups of patients (76.19% vs 73.81%, P>0.05). The incidence rates of adverse events, such as nausea and vomiting (66.67% vs 88.10%, P<0.05) and phlebitis (0 vs 19.05%, P<0.05) , were remarkably lower in the former than in the latter group. Conclusion S?1 plus docetaxel and cisplatin is a reli?able induction chemotherapy with few adverse effects in the treatment of advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma.

ObjectiveTo explore the impact of urinary incontinence on women's quality of life, and the effective measures to improve it.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive literature review to analyze the present research about quality of life on urinary incontinent women and interventions for improving it.ResultsUrinary incontinence influenced patients' quality of life in many aspects, especially in their physical health, mental health, daily living and sexual life. Regular pelvic floor muscle training could prevent and control the incontinence symptoms and improve patients' quality of life.ConclusionsIt is necessary to carry on a series of activities to propagandize that urinary incontinence can be treated, effective measures should be taken to prevent and manage urinary incontinence in order to improve quality of life in urinary incontinent women.

Objective To analyze the experience of Yang Boliang for the treatment of dysentery. Methods The prescriptions for dysentery that used by Yang Boliang were collected to build a database, and analyzed by the unsupervised data mining methods, such as apriori algorithm, entropy Clustering complex systems. Results Based on the analysis of 35 prescriptions, the most frequently used drug, the core drug combinations and the new prescriptions were mined from the database. The most frequently used drugs were tuckahoe, rhizoma pinellinae praeparata, and roasted radix puerariae. The core drug combinations were“tuckahoe- radix scutellariae-moutan bark”, “plantago seed-rhizoma pinellinae praeparata-maticated leaven”, and “charred radix aucklandiae-charred radix etrhizoma rhei-waterlily leaf”, etc. The new prescriptions were such as “plantago seed-rhizoma pinellinae praeparata-maticated leaven-charred radix rehmanniae recen-processed rhizoma Cyperi”. Conclusion Yang Boliang was well experienced in treating dysentery by using the drugs with clearing heat, and drying dampness, and clearing dampness by promoting diuresis.

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of adverse reaction induced by Chinese activating blood herbal injection. Methods Domestic medicinal periodicals issued during 1972-2011 were searched, and 566 adverse drug reaction (ADR) cases were analyzed by database establishment and statistic method. Results Totally 566 ADR cases involving 16 different kinds of traditional Chinese medicine injection were collected, and 139 cases were related to Fufang Danshen Injection. The incidence of ADR was 51.77%(293 cases) in the male and 48.23%(273 cases) in the female. Average age of patients was (55.01±16.07) years old. The incidence of circulation system damage (206 cases, 23.22%) dominated in ADRs. The number of ADR which occurred within half an hour was 357 cases (64.79%) and the original disease most were cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (384 cases, 67.84%). Conclusion ADR induced by Chinese activating blood herbal injection are commonly seen in middle-aged and elderly people, and often involved circulation system.

RNA-seq can help us quickly obtain the whole transcriptome sequences of species under different conditions. Many Unigenes that are assembled by raw reads always do not contain complete open reading frame (ORF). In addition, it also has some redundancy in transcriptome library. Some Unigenes in the library, although belong to one transcript, cannot be assembled without overlapping. We found five incomplete Unigenes annotated ammonium transporter (AMT) from Salicornia europaea transcriptome, in which two Unigenes (Uni4 and Uni5) had identical expression patterns across four transcriptomes. The two Unigenes may come from one transcript. Analyzing the Unigene position of transcript by NCBI blastx, we found that Uni4 and Uni5 respectively located in 5' end and 3' end compared with the reference transcript, and an unknown gap of 120 bp may exist in a hypothetic transcript to which Uni4 and Uni5 both belong. To verify the hypothesis, single forward primer and single reverse primers were respectively designed on Uni4 and Uni5, and a fragment with about 800 bp was generated by PCR. Then it was sequenced and aligned with Uni4 and Uni5. Finally, we assembled a sequence with 1 667 bp, which contains a complete ORF (1 482 bp, coding 494 amino acids). It belongs to amt1 subfamily and was named Seamt1 via the phylogenetic analysis. It was pointed by bioinformatics tools that SeAMT1 protein conformed to the AMT characteristics of other species. This work clustered expression pattern to explore the Unigenes of one transcript, and the feasibility of this method was validated through the other two groups of Unigenes. The handy method will benefit extension and assembling of Unigene in transcriptome, it also helps achieve the complete ORF and gene function.
Ammonium Compounds ; Chenopodiaceae ; genetics ; Computational Biology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genes, Plant ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; genetics ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Open Reading Frames ; Phylogeny ; Plant Proteins ; genetics ; Transcriptome

Objective To analyze the rules of property of the drugs used by State Medical Master Yan Zhenghua in clinical.Methods The prescriptions used by Pro. Yan were collected to build a database, which was based on traditional Chinese medicine inheritance assistant software. After analyzed by the software, such as using the module to analyze the prescriptions, the medication characters of the prescriptions can be got from the database.Results Drugs of warm nature were used with the highest frequency 7998 times, followed by the cool 7866 times, leveling 6763 times, cold 3942 times, and hot 95 times. From the property of five flavors, the most used flavor of drugs was bitter 15260 times, followed by sweet 10810 times, pungent 10453 times, sour 2794 times, salty 1651 times, mild 1203 times, and astringency 186 times. In the frequency of the channel tropism involved, the highest is of liver channel 14237 times, followed by lung 10452 times and spleen 10061 times.Conclusion Pro. Yan was accustomed to using the drugs that were of warm and cool natures, and sweet and pungent flavors, and also the drugs that have action on the collateral channels of liver, lung and spleen, which were the same as the experience from Pro. Yan.

Objective:To prepare Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f) crude protein to establish BALB/c bronchial asthma model , and to observe the morphology and degranulation of mast cells and detect related cytokines .Methods: Dermatophagoides farinae ( Der f) crude protein were prepared by trituration .30 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 3 groups:PBS control group (A), asthma model group (B) and Der f crude protein treatment group (C).Group A were treated with PBS(100 μl) all the time, group B and group C were treated with 50 μg Der f crude protein mixed with 50μl alum adjuvant on day 0,day 7 and day 14.On day 28 group A and B were subcutaneous injected with PBS (100 μl) and group C were subcutaneous injected with Der f crude protein (350μg) in PBS(100 μl) at 1-day intervals.One week after the last treatment ,group A,B and C were intranasally challenged with 50 μg Der f crude protein daily for seven days .Twenty-four hours after the last challenge , airway hyper-responsiveness ( AHR) was assessed by using whole-body plethysmography .Two days post challenged , mice were sacrificed and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ( BALF) was collected.Number of the total cells and eosinophil was determined .Level of IL-4,IL-10 and IFN-γcytokines in the BALF and the su-pernatant of splenocyte culture was assayed by ELISA .Level of Der f specific IgE and histamine in the sera was determined by ELISA . Airway inflammation was analyzed by HE staining .Observation of the morphology and degranulation of mast cells was analyzed by tolui -dine blue staining.Results:Compared with group B,AHR and the lung inflammation in group C were greatly reduced (P<0.01). Numbers of total cells and eosinophils in BALF of group C were significantly lower than that of group B ( P<0.01 ) .Compared with group B, the observation of degranulation of mast cells was insignificant in group C .Compared with group B(IgE:1.905), the level of specific IgE was significantly lower in groups C (IgE:1.278)(P<0.01).The level of IL-4 in BALF of group C was significantly lower than that of group B(P<0.01).Compared with group A and B, the level of IL-10 in BALF was significantly higher in group C (P<0.01) and the level of IFN-γin BALF of group C was significantly higher than that of group A and B (P<0.01).Compared with group B, the level of IL-4 in cultured splenocytes was significantly lower in group C (P<0.01), and the level of IL-10 and IFN-γin cultured splenocytes of group C was significantly higher than that of group B (P<0.01).Compared with group B, the level of histamine in BALF was slightly lower in groups C (P<0.05), and the level of histamine in sera was significantly lower in groups C (P<0.05). Conclusion:The degranulation of mast cells of murine bronchial asthma model was suppressed after the desensitization therapy .

Objective To systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Danshen Chuanxiongqin Injection (DCI) in the treatment of angina pectoris. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding DCI in the treatment of angina pectoris were searched in CNKI, VIP, Wanfang Database, CBM, PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library by Feb. 2014. Two researchers independently retrieved the RCTs and extracted the information. The Cochrane risk of bias method was used to assess the quality of the included studies, and a meta-analysis was conducted with Review Manager 5.2 software. Results A total of 12 RCTs with 1145 participants were included. The meta-analysis indicated that the combined use of DCI and conventional treatment with western medicine was more effective in the outcomes of the total clinical effective rate [RR=1.27, 95%CI (1.19,1.35), P<0.000 01], the total effective rate of ECG [RR=1.34, 95%CI (1.23,1.46), P<0.000 01], and decrease of plasma viscosity [MD=-0.15, 95%CI (-0.25,-0.05), P=0.004] and fibrinogen [MD=-0.96, 95%CI (-1.14,-0.78), P<0.000 01]. And there were no adverse drug reaction reports. Conclusion Based on this systematic evaluation, DCI combined with conventional therapy is effective and relatively safe in treating angina pectoris, but it still needs larger samples, multi-center, and high quality RCT to verify.