Informed Consent is concept with rich ethical implication. This article introduced the ethical foundation of informed consent and discussed how it should be understood in clinical practice.It is also discussed in the article that the relationship between informed consent and patient protection prescript in medical practice.

Information disclosed in the context of a professional relationship must be held confidential.It is an important ethical principle,and also physicians' conventional obligations that respect for the privacy of patient and ensure the confidentiality of the information.This article discussed the situation of unjustifiable disclosure and justifiable infringement of privacy and confidentialility as well.

E-health was referred as the use of internet and ICT ( information and communication technology) for health in this paper, which mainly encompassed electronic health record, online health information and tele-health. The paper summarized the new characteristics of privacy of e-health, and presented current privacy issues raised by these applications. The major privacy concerns were unauthorized access to and secondary use of privacy data. The paper put forward some governance suggestions of privacy protection.

Objective To observe the efficacy and safety of implantation of tissue expanders for large hyperplastic scar on scalp.Methods Between June 2011 and April 2013,a total of 23 patients with large hyperplastic scar received treatment with 31 tissue expanders.The scar size varied from 5.5 cm × 4.0 cm to 17.5 cm ×9.5 cm.The capacity was 50-400 ml for expanders,with the shape of kidney or ellipse.After tissue expansion for 6 to 8 weeks,the expander was removed and hyperplastic scars were resected,followed by the repair of defect with expanded flaps.Further more,the patients received postoperative superficial isotope irradiation after the surgery.Follow-up varied from 6 to 12 months.Results Thirty expanders,except l expander pocket that was removed ahead of time due to infection,were implanted successfully during the whole course of treatment.The main complication was expander exposure in 4 patients,which showed no significant influence on secondary surgery.Twenty patients reported relief of symptoms and achieved satisfactory outcomes,while 3 patients showed great suture tension and experienced delayed stitch removal,followed by the recurrence of hyperplastic scar after the operation.Conclusions The implantation of tissue expanders under the scalp skin is an ideal treatment option for large hyperplastic scar on scalp.Regional suture tension is a direct contributor to the recurrence of hyperplastic scar formation after surgical excision.

This article describes the definition of precision medicine and the American and Chinese precision medicine initiatives.It then discussed ethical and regulatory challenges raised by precision medicine.These challenges include cost-effectiveness ratio evaluation for precision medicine initiatives,risk-benefit ratio in precision medicine,valid informed consent for research participants,independent ethical review of precise prevention and treatment protocols,protection of individual privacy data,mass data sharing and equitable access of research results.

Based on the experiences and lessons in the practice of international ethics review,this paper discusses 8 related issues in order to strengthen the capacity in ethics review in China.The relevant issues of ethics review board construction and professional personnel training are also included.

This paper explores certain ethical issues related to stem cell research including the social circumstances of stem cell technology development,stem cell research and Chinese culture,consciousness to protect the legal rights and profits of patients and subjects,absence in management,and new challenges in this particular field.It is also concluded that a legal regulation on stem cell research and clinical application must be formulated to protect the legal rights and profits of patients,subjects,and the public during the further development of stem cell research.

As the impact of molecular and genomic data grows in epidemiology,numerous studies of genetic epidemiology and post-genomics research rely increasingly on the use of human biobanks.Biobanking ranges in scope from small collections of samples in academic or hospital settings to large-scale national repositories.In this context,the construction of biobank is confronting With numerows ethical challenges,informed consent in particular.The paper analyses several concent moder of participation in biobank and explores the optinal model of China——opt-out.

By comparing the differences of " Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on the prohibition against narcotic drugs " and "Law of the People's Republic of China on Narcotics Control " and their implications for harm reduction,the article analyzed the ethical issues existing in applying harm reduction policy in HIV/AIDS prevention and control,and held that the new policy to promote the methadone use would play a major role for control of drug abuse and AIDS.

Objective To investigate the expression of thymosin ?4 in the foreskin,normal skin(except the foreskin),hypertrophic scar,and keloid,and its relationship to pathological scars.Methods In situ hybridization was applied to detect the expression of thymosin ?4 mRNA [With the probe of BM005698(EST) gene marked by digoxin] in four groups: foreskin,normal skin(except the foreskin),hypertrophic scar,and keloid.Both qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis were performed.Results Thymosin ?4 mRNA was expressed in all the four groups.The proportion of thymosin ?4 mRNA expression in the keloid was 2/10,which was 25% of that in the foreskin(8/10),and was 28.6% of that in the normal skin(7/10).The positive rate of thymosin ?4 mRNA expression in the dermis was higher than that in the epidermis;and was high in fibroblasts,intravascular endothelial cells,and macrophages.The mean OSD of the positive samples was 0.03?0.01 in the keloids,which was significantly lower than that in the normal skins(0.09?0.03) and hypertrophic scars(0.09?0.02)(P=0.000 for both).Compared with the normal skins,the expression increased by 231.5%(P