Central nervous system demyelination in children include acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM),multiple sclerosis (MS),optic neuritis(ON),transverse myelitis(TM),neuromyelitis optica(NMO).Most of these conditions are thought to be caused by immune -mediated demyelination triggered by an infectious agent in a ge-netically susceptible host.There are certain differences,including clinical features and imaging features,for these condi-tions.With the possible exception of the NMO -IgG autoantibody found in NMO,there are no disease -specific biomar-kers for these conditions,making it difficult to distinguish among them at the time of the initial presentation.However, certain clinical features,laboratory results,and imaging findings can usually lead to the correct diagnosis.MS is to a large extent still a diagnosis of exclusion,and therefore requires intense investigation for other conditions that might present in a similar manner.

Objective:To explore the change in virulence of Campylobacter jejuni (CJ) mutant after galE gene knock-out.Methods: Using Hep-2 cells, adherence and invasion assays were performed in the galE mutant and the parent strain, meanwhile, serum sensitivity assay and motility test were made in them. Results:The galE mutant showed a reduction in its ability to adhere to and invade Hep-2 cells. The ability of the galE mutant and parent strain to adhere to Hep-2 cells were 1.2 % and 8.3% respectively, and adherence ability of the former only was 14.5% of that of the latter. The difference was significant ( P

Convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) is an acute,life-threatening and neurologic emergency in children.The prognosis and the incidence of recurrent CSE depend upon the underlying etiology.It is very important to find related etiology and seek solution.The underlying etiology,classification and the diagnostic evaluation of the children with CSE will be outlined in this article.

Objective:To explore if galE knock-out mutant of Campylobacter jejuni(CJ) have a changed lipooligosaccharide(LOS) structure.Methods:Lipooligosaccharide from parental strains(CJ HB9313) and mutant strains were isolated and purified.The purified LOS preparations from parental and mutant strains were resolved by Tricine SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE),analyzed by silver staining and Western blot,tested for reaction with the ganglioside-binding ligands of cholera toxin(CT).Results:Silver staining showed that the parent strain expressed a LOS molecule of around 5 5 kD,whereas the galE mutant strain expressed a molecule of 4.5 kD.The Western blot showed that the LOS,expressed by galE mutant strain,no longer reacted with antiserum raised against CJ HB9313.Compared with parent strain,the mutant lost reactivity with CT.Conclusion:These results indicate that LOS molecule of galE mutants is truncated and removes epitopes that react with antiserum and ganglioside-like structures.The absence of these structures in the galE mutants may enable the development of a safe,live-vaccine without the possibility of inducing an immune response to host gangliosides.

Persister cells are dormant or slowly grown variations in microbial populations .They are highly tolerant to antibiot-ics but the tolerance are not inherited as the genetic resistance , when persisters are inoculated to fresh medium , most bacteria are still susceptive to antibiotic , while only a small fractiont become persisters again .Persisters are believed to be closely related to clinic bio-film forming and the recurrence and recalcitrance of chronic infections .Different persisters have been found in Escherichia coli , Pseud-omonas aeruginosa , Staphyococcus aureus , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Candida albicans and so on , and a few mechanisms about per-sisters formation have been studied .This article reviews the current progresses of research methods and achievements on persisters from different levels .

Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE)is a peculiar kind of status epilepticus,which is not un-common in children,but it always be misdiagnosed due to its unnoticeable clinical signs.So far,there is no international unifying diagnose standard of NCSE.Therefore,electroencephalography(EEG)monitoring is recommended.Now,the progress in this field of clinical manifestation and EEG features of NCSE was reviewed.

0.05).The sera from animals immunized with parental strains had significant higher titer of IgG antibodies against GM1,GD1a and GT1b,at 14 and 28 day than before immunization(P

Objective To observe the survival,migration and differentiation of grafted neural stem cells(NSCs)transfected with cardiotrophin-1(CT1)in hippocampus in status epilepticus(SE)rats,and investigate its effect on neuron loss and mossy fiber sprouting(MFS)in hippocampus of SE rats.Methods (1)Lithium-pilocarpine induced SE model rats were divided into 3 groups randomly:CT1-NSCs transplantation group(n=18);NScs transplantation group(n=18)and SE model group(n=18).Another 18 rats served as normal control group.Each group was further divided into 3 time points testing groups(n=6 at each point)corresponding to 1,4 and 8 weeks after transplantation respectively.(2)Under the confocal microscopy,the survival,migration and differentiation of the grafted cells were observed by immunofluorescenee.(3)Morphological changes and neuron loss in the hippocampal CA1 region were examined by Nissl staining.(4)MFS in hippocampal dentate gyrus in rats was obserred by Timm histochemistry.Results(1)At 4 and 8 weeks post-tmusplantation,the numbers of double-labeled NF-200 and EGFP pesitive cells in the CT1-NSCs group were significantly hisher than those in NSCs group.In the former group most of the grafted NSCs migrated away from the needle tract,but in the latter group,grafted ceHs remained at the transplantation site.(2)The numbers of neuron in the hippocampal CA1 region reduced gradually after SE.The numbers of neuron in the CA1 region in CT1-NSCs transplantation rats (68.85±11.49,60.89±12.17 and 51.51±13.34 in 1,4,8 weeks after transplantation respectivelv)were greater than that in NSCs transplantation rats(67.92±10.78,42.56±11.47 and 30.49±10.12).tvalue were 4.650 and 5.334 in 4 and 8 weeks after transplantation(P<0.05).(3)Aberrant MFS in the inner molecular layer of dentate gyrus was observed,and the scores of MFS gradually increased with timelapse.The scores of MFS in CT1-NSCs transplantation rats(0.77±0.04,2.48±0.89 and 2.39±0.82 in 1,4,8 weeks after transplantation respectively)were significant lower than that in NSCs transplantation rats (1.12±0.62,3.17±0.64 and 3.88±0.51,t=6.059,9.511 and 9.728,P<0.05).Conclusions CT1 could promote the survival,migration and differentiation of engrafted NSCs in hippocampud in SE rats.Engrafted NSCs transfected with CT1 have effect on repair of the injured hippocampus,and could inhibit hippocampus MFS in SE rats.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of real time elastosonography in estimating the characteristic of nodules in resected hepatocirrhosis specimens.Methods Thirty-eight reseeted hepatocirrhosis specimens underwent elastosonography.The nodules that have drawn attention were performed elastosonography through rhythmic pressing and releasing the probe by manual form on the liver.The hepatic strain on the region of interest was shown by chromatic scale.To compare nodules rigidity with surrounding hepatic tissues, hepatocirrhosis nodules were classified into hard nodules, medium rigidity nodules, mixture of hard and soft nodules, and soft nodules.All nodules were confirmed by pathology.Results Forty-four nodules of 38 hepatocirrhosis exemplar received real time elastosonography.Of 44 nodules, hard nodules were 18,of which 12 (66.7%) were hepatoeellular carcinomas, 2 (11.1%) were dysplasia nodules, 4 (22.2%) were regenerative nodules.Medium rigidity nodules were 7,all were regenerative nodules.Mixture of hard and soft nodules were 11, of which 8 (72.7%) were hepatocellular carcinomas, including 4 accompanied necrotic tissue, 1 (9.1%) was dysplasia nodules accompanied necrotic tissue, the other 2 (18.2%) were regenerative nodules accompanied necrotic tissue.And soft nodules were 8, of which 4(50.0%) were necrotic nodules, 1 (12.5%) was dysplasia nodules accompanied canceration, 1 (12.5%) was hepatocellular carcinoma,2(25.0 %) were regenerative nodules.Conclusions Real time elastosonography can effectively evaluate the comparative rigidity on hepatoeirrhosis nodules,and thus may have potential usefulness on estimating the characteristic of hepatocirrhosis nodules.

AIM:To set up a glutamate-induced cell damage model in cultured hippocampal neurons, and to determine whether glutamate-induced neuronal apoptosis changes and whether this process is mediated by mitochondrial signal transduction pathways involving the release of cytochrome C. METHODS: Hippocampal neurons, isolated and cultured from new born Wistar rats, were exposed to various concentrations of glutamate. Extent of cell death was assessed by measuring the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the culture media. Based on these data, an appropriate concentration of glutamate was selected, and all subsequent experiments were carried out under the concentration. Kinetics of glutamate-induced both apoptotic and necrotic cell death after exposure to glutamate for various times(3-24 h) were determined by flow cytometry and LDH release. The caspase-3 protein levels and cytochrome C release from mitochondria into cytosol in hippocampal neurons were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS: Glutamate treatment induced hippocampal neurons death in dose-dependent and time-dependent manners. A significant increase in LDH release (18.4%) was induced in the cells treated with 50 ?mol/L glutamate, compared to control untreated cells(P