Objective To explore the biomechanical characteristics of the pharynx in patients with aspiration after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).Methods Clinical data on NPC patients with dysphagia admitted between July 2011 and June 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.Twenty-three patients were found who had received videofluoroscopic swallowing studies (VFSSs) and whose pharyngeal pressure and upper esophageal sphincter (UES) relaxing were tested using high-resolution solid-state manometry (HRM).The cases were divided into an aspiration group and a non-aspiration group according to the VFSS results.Differences in biomechanical parameters between the 2 groups when taking food of different viscosity were compared.Results Patients with aspiration had significantly higher UES residual pressure when taking thick liquids (20.1± 14.3 mmHg) and paste (18.0± 14.3 mmHg) than patients not aspirating (9.3±9.2 mmHg and 7.2±8.9 mmHg for thick liquid and paste respectively).But no significant difference in average pharyngeal pressure between the two groups was observed.Conclusion Aspiration after radiotherapy may be correlated with increased UES residual pressure.

Object To set up the quantitative method of baicalin in Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD) by RP HPLC and to determine the change of baicalin contents in decoctions prepared from various combinations of GQD. Methods By L 8(2 7) orthogonal design and statistics analysis (SPSS10 0), eight decoctions with Radix Scutellariae either alone or incombination with one or more of the other three components were prepared or analyzed. Contents of baicalin in them were determined by RP HPLC. Results It was significant (P0 05) and interactions between two of three were insignificant either. In this experiment, the sedimentation was found in the decoctions contained Radix Scutellariae and Rhizoma Coptidis. Conclusion The content of baicalin is reduced by Radix Puerariae and Rhizoma Coptidis, The resolution of baicalin is not increased by Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata. Maybe the change of pH leads to the sedimentation in decoctions contained Radix Scutellariae and Rhizoma Coptidis.

Objective To establish a tree shrew model of Fusarium solani keractitis by injecting Fusarium solani conidia into the corneal stroma.Methods Fusarium solani was inoculated into Sabouraud culture medium and incubated at 26℃ for 7 days.Fungal suspension was collected and the number of spores was adjusted to 1 × 1010 CFU /mL on the blood cell count plate.Forty healthy tree shrews were randomly divided into experimental group (n=30) and control group (n=10).In the experimental group, 50 μL of fungal spore suspension was injected into the cornea center with a 29G needle, and 50 μL saline was injected in the control group.The models were evaluated by anterior segment photography, in vivo confocal microscopy, histopathology, and corneal tissue culture.Results The fungal infiltration, the degree of edema of corneal epithelial and endothelial cells, and the number of mycelium were positively correlated with time.The number of infiltrating inflammatory cells, mainly, neutrophils, reached a peak on the 7th day after modeling.The mycelial growth was parallel to the stromal fibers.After the successful establishment of the model, the corneal tissue culture showed the growth of Fusarium solani.The successful rate of modeling was 86%.Conclusions The tree shrew model of Fusarium solani keratitis is established by injecting spores of Fusarium solani into the cornea.

AIM: To establish the simultaneous determination of camphor,menthol,synthetic borneol and methyl salicylate in Shexiang Zhuanggu Plaster(Camphor,Mentholum,Borneolum Syntheticum,etc). by GC. METHODS: The sample solution was distilled in volatile oil determination apparatus.Naphthalene was used for the internal standard.The GC system consisted of capillary column,PEG-20M as the stationary phase,nitrogen as the carrier gas,FID as the detector.The programmed temperature-GC and internal standard method was employed to determine four kinds of components in Shexiang Zhuanggu Plaster. RESULTS: Camphor,menthol,synthetic borneol(borneol and isoborneol) and methyl salicylate in Shexiang Zhuanggu Plaster and naphthalene have been separated well under the same chromatographic condition.The average recovery of camphor,menthol,synthetic borneol and methyl salicylate were 96.92%(RSD=2.42%),98.03%(RSD=1.81%),99.02%(RSD=1.47%) and 98.15%(RSD=1.59%),respectively. CONCLUSION: The method is simple,accurate and separable,and can be used to control the quality of Shexiang Zhuanggu Plaster

Object To set up the quantitative method for determining the puerarin in Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD) by RP-HPLC and to study the change of puerarin contents in various combinations of GQD. Methods L 8(2 7) orthogonal design and statistic analysis (SPSS 10.0) were used, the puerarin contents in the samples were determined by HPLC. Results Influence of Radix Scutellaria, Rhizoma Coptidis and Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata on the puerarin content in GQD was insignificant. And interactions between two of three were insignificant too. In this experiment, puperarin in the sedimentation was found in the compatible decoction of Rhizoma Coptidis and Radix Puerariae. Conclusion The puerarin content is not markedly influenced by Radix Scutellaria, Rhizoma Coptidis and Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata. Maybe, the change of pH is relevant to the sedimentation in the compatible decoction contained Rhizoma Coptidis. and Radix Puerariae

Objective To study the roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in the progress of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis(IPA) in experimental mice.Methods The mice were divided into three groups including the group of normal mice,the group of normal mice infected with A.fumigatus and the group of IPA mice.The mice were sacrificed at four time points(8 h,24 h,48 h and 72 h) after infection.The lung tissues from each group were collected for pathological analysis and RT-PcR for detecting the expression level of,TLR2,TLR4 and β-tublin.The ratio of density value of band of each PCR product on electrophoresis to the density value of β-tublin was used to evaluate the expression level of each gene like TLR2.TLR4 and TNF-α.Re-suits The pathological analysis showed the normal structure and no inflananatory reaction in the lungs in the group of normal mice.The infiltration of inflammatory cells,weak injuries and no germination of spore into hypha in the lungs of normal mice infected with A.fumigatus,and serious injuries like destruction of alveolar structure,bleeding,infiltration of inflammatory cells and germination of spore into hypha in the lungs of IPA mice.The expression level of TLR4 at 8 h,24 h,48 h and TNF-α at 24 h and 48 h were lower in IPA mice than that in healthy mice with infection(P<0.05).Conclusion There was low expression of TLR4 and TNF-α in IPA mice lung tissues.Typical pathological injuries in the lungs and germination of spore into hy-pha in IPA mice were observed by the microscope.

Objective To establish a reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction ( RT-nPCR ) assay for detection of tree shrews orthoreovirus (TRV).Methods Three strains of TRV were respectively isolated from fresh feces of three tree shrews that came from the same field at different times .We designed and synthesized two pairs of MRV L1 gene nested primers and established the system of RT-nPCR.The TRV RNA was extracted and reversely transcribed to cDNA as a template for nested-PCR amplification.The developed RT-nPCR was optimized.The specificity and sensitivity were tested.Finally, the RT-nPCR was used to detect TRV in 25 tree shrew samples.Results Taking the genomic RNA of TRV as template, the RT-nPCR was able to amplify a specific fragment band targeting the L 1 gene, while there were no target bands in the normal cell control , ( Wa strain rotavirus , hepatitis A virus , and herpes simplex virus ) .The RNA of TRV was diluted by 1:10 to 1:109 .Each dilution sample was analyzed by the RT-nPCR.The minimum detectable concentration of RNA was 0.01 pg/μL.The results of RT-nPCR detection showed that 4 of the 15 tree shrews were TRV-positive in the survival group , and 10 of 10 tree shrews were TRV-positive in the death group . Conclusions The RT-nRCR assay established in this study is accurate , specific and sensitive .Therefore, it can be used for routine detection of TRV in quality assurance testing .

Objective To understand the histological characteristics of the major endocrine organs of tree shrew , and provide a normal histological atlas of endocrine organs of tree shrew .Methods Ten artificially fed healthy tree shrews were killed and dissected after anesthesia .The thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands were observed by gross inspection and samples were taken for routine histological examination with HE staining .Results ( 1 ) The thyroid gland was pale yellow, located on both sides of the 2-4 tracheal rings.The thyroid gland was plate-shaped, its surface was covered with a thin fibrous capsule . The thyroid parenchyma was divided into several lobules by stretched capsule membrane .Follicular and parafollicular cells were distributed in the lobules , and red colloid was present in follicular cavity.(2) Each side had one parathyroid , located on the cranial or the outer surface of the middle part of the thyroid gland, and was slightly covered by thyroid .The gland was round or oval , and its parenchyma was made up of the principal cells and eosinophil cells , and acinar structure appeared in the parenchyma .( 3 ) The adrenal glands were oval , yellow color, located in the renal hili , and linked to the kidneys .They were surrounded by a thin capsule .The parenchyma was divided into cortex and medulla .The cortex was divided into zona glomerulosa , zona fasciculata and zona reticularis from outside to inside.The zona glomerulosa was the thickest layer and the zona fasciculata was the thinnest .The medulla cells formed clumps or mesh, with central vein in the central part .(4) The pituitary gland was located in the sella turcica , with no recessus hypophysis .The pituitary gland was composed of the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis .Its surface was covered with a connective tissue capsule .The pituitary gland was divided into distal part , middle part and pars tuberalis . neurohypophysis was made up of neural and pars infundibularis .Conclusions The histological atlas of endocrine organs in the tree shrew is established , which is close to that of the primate animals in the morphology , and provide histological evidence for the study of tree shrew endocrine organs and disorders , as well as the animal model of human diseases .

This article was aimed to study anti-inflammatory effects of petroleum ether extract from Citrullus lanatus vine (PEECLV) and explore the mechanism. The methods of ear swelling with xylene, increasing of peritoneal capil-lary permeability, and paw edema with egg albumin were used in the establishment of mice models, respectively. Granuloma with cotton pellet, and paw edema with carrageenan were used in the establishment of rat models, re-spectively. Observation was made on anti-inflammatory effects of PEECLV. The content of nitrous oxide (NO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), as well as the level of TNF-α and IL-1β in blood serum were measured among granu-loma with cotton pellet rat models. Contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 5-HT, histamine (His), and protein in inflammatory exudates from the paw edema with carrageenan rat model, as well as contents of NO and NOS in blood serum, and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in order to study the possi-ble anti-inflammatory effects. The results showed that PEECLV can suppress the ear swelling with xylene, the in-creasing of peritoneal capillary permeability, and the paw edema with egg albumin in mice, as well as granuloma with cotton pellet, paw edema with carrageenan in rats. It had anti-inflammatory effects at different degrees. The content of NO and NOS, as well as the level of TNF-α and IL-1β in blood serum were reduced in granuloma with cotton pellet rat models. The content of MDA, PGE2, 5-HT, His, and protein content were reduced in inflammatory exudates from the paw edema with carrageenan rat model. The increasing of NO and NOS in blood serum was inhib-ited. And the activity of SOD was increased. It was concluded that PEECLV had certain anti-inflammatory effects. Its mechanism may be related to the influence of the production of inflammatory mediators and antioxidant.

Objective To isolate and identify viruses from fecal samples of tree shrew with diarrhea.Methods Fecal sample supernatant of tree shrew with diarrhea was inoculated to three cell lines ( Vero, LLC-MK2 and KMB17 ) , and the cytopathic effects on the cells were observed.The infectious particles in the culture supernatant were further ana-lyzed by transmission electron microscopy ( TEM) , genomic RNA-PAGE, rotavirus detection kit, amplification of S1 com-plete segment and bioinformatics analysis.Results Constant cytopathic effects were induced in Vero, LLC-MK2 and KMB17 cell lines after three passages of culture.The results from TEM, RNA-PAGE and rotavirus analysis indicated that they belong to reoviruses.Analysis of the S1 segments revealed that the S1 sequence from KMB17 cell culture had the high-est homology with that of prototype isolate T1L (85%nucleotide homology and 90%amino acid homology), therefore this isolate was named as type I reovirus.The other two S1 sequences from LLC-MK2 and Vero cell culture were identical to have 85%nucleotide homology and 92%amino acid homology with the prototype isolate T3D, named as type III reovirus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolates in this study are evolutionally adapted to tree shrews.Conclusions It is the first report here that 2 genotypes of Tupaia orthoreovirus are isolated and identified from one fecal sample via three cell lines and viral S1-specific primers, which provides useful guidelines for the isolation and identification of other reoviruses from tree shrew or other hosts.