The apoptosis, necrosis, and senescence of hepatocytes are closely associated with the activation and proliferation of oval cells, and in addition, liver regeneration mediated by oval cells is an important part of regeneration after liver injury. Currently, studies have shown that a variety of cytokines, hormones, and neurotransmitters are involved in this process. This article reviews recent research findings, introduces the research advances in the association between various signaling pathways (TWEAK/Fn14, Hedgehog, and thyroid hormone) and liver regeneration mediated by oval cells, elaborates on the role of each pathway in the regeneration of hepatocytes, and investigates related mechanisms in liver regeneration.