Objective To investigate epidemiological characteristics and differences in anklebrachial index (ABI) among the natural population in Shanghai and Inner Mongolia,and to observe the prevalence of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD).Methods A total of 2604 volunteers from Shanghai and Inner Mongolia were selected by stratified cluster random sample.ABI was measured and related data were collected.Results The A BI value in Shanghai was 1.074 ± 0.095,while it was 1.062 ±0.075 in Inner Mongolia (P ＜ 0.001).The prevalence of lower extremity PAD in Shanghai was 4.2％,while it was 1.9％ in Inner Mongolia (P ＜ 0.01).For males,the ABI value in Shanghai was 1.078 ±0.105,and it was 1.075 ± 0.080 in Inner Mongolia (P ＞ 0.05).For females,the ABI value in Shanghai was 1.073 ±0.089,while it was 1.052 ±0.070 in Inner Mongolia (P ＜0.001).For males,the prevalence of lower extremity PAD of the in Shanghai was 4.7％,while it was 2.0％ in Inuer Mongolia (P ＜ 0.05).For females,the prevalence of lower extremity PAD of in Shanghai was 4.0％,while it was 1.8％ in Inner Mongolia (P ＜ 0.05).The ABI values in age group of ＜ 50 years in Shanghai and Inner Mongolia were 1.037 ± 0.082 and 1.055 ± 0.068,respectively (P ＜ 0.05).The prevalences of lower extremity PAD in age group of ＜50 years in Shanghai and Inner Mongolia were 7.6％ and 1.2％,respectively (P ＜0.001).There were no significant differences in ABI value and the prevalence of lower extremity PAD between Shanghai and Inner Mongolia in both age group of 50-69 years and ≥70 years (all P values ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The ABI value in Shanghai is higher than that in Inner Mongolia and the prevalence of lower extremity PAD in both males and females in Shanghai is significantly higher than that in Inner Mongolia.But they are lower than the level of western countries.In different age groups,the difference of the prevalence of lower extremity PAD between Shanghai and Inner Mongolia is only displayed in the age group of ＜ 50 years,which may be related to the limited sample size.The natural population in Shanghai exposed artery atherosclerotic disease risk factors may increase and we need to pay more attention to the lower extremity PAD.

Objective To compare the epidemiological characteristics and differences in brachialankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV)among middle-aged residents between Shanghai and Inner Mongolia autonomous region (Inner Mongolia),and to observe the prevalence of arterial stiffness in the two populations.Methods A total of 922 volunteers aged between 45 and 59 from Shanghai and Inner Mongolia were selected by stratified cluster random sample method.BaPWV was measured and related data were collected.Results A total of 903 cases were enrolled in this study,including 441 from Shanghai and 462 from Inner Mongolia.The baPWV value of middle-aged residents in Inner Mongolia was higher than that in Shanghai [(1 548 ± 281) cm/s and (1 476 ± 254) cm/s,P ＜ 0.001].The abnormal rate of baPWV (baPWV ≥ 1 400 cm/s) in Inner Mongolia was also higher than that in Shanghai [67.5 ％ (312) and 57.4％ (253),P ＜0.001].The baPWV value of middle-aged men in Inner Mongolia was (1 568 ±299) cm/s,while it was (1 508 ± 260) cm/s in Shanghai,no statistical difference was found (P ＞ 0.05).The baPWV value of middle-aged women in Inner Mongolia was (1 534 ± 268) cm/s,which was higher than that of Shanghai [(1 468 ±252)cm/s,P ＜0.01].The abnormal rate of baPWV of middle-aged men in Inner Mongolia and Shanghai was 67.0％ (126/188) and 60.8％ (59/97),respectively (P ＞ 0.05).The abnormal rate of baPWV of middle-aged women in Inner Mongolia and Shanghai was 67.9％ (186/274) and 56.4％(194/344),respectively.Conclusions The difference of baPWV value and abnormal rate of baPWV of middle-aged residents between Inner Mongolia and Shanghai exists.Middle-aged people in Inner Mongolia should be more alert to the incidence of arteriosclerosis and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases.

Objective To modify a classic two-vessel occlusion (2VO) modeling method in order to decrease the systematic errors in the behavioral experiments such as Morris water maze.Methods Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into classic 2VO model,modified model,sham operation and sham ligation groups (n =8 in each group).Only the bilateral common carotid arteries were ligated in the classic 2VO model group; the common carotid arteries were clipped intermittently,and the origins of pterygopalatine arteries of the internal carotid arteries were high selectively ligated in the modified model group; the common carotid arteries were only ligated intermittently in the sham ligation group; and only the common carotid arteries and the upper segment of pterygopalatine artery branches were separated in the sham operation group.The rat behavior was evaluated using the pupillary light reflex,Morris water maze and eight-arm radial maze.HE staining was used to observe the histological changes.Results The Morris water maze escape latency (F =72.169 - 163.102,all P ＜ 0.001) and the number of reference memory errors of eight-arm radial maze (F =33.515-74.726,all P ＜0.001) in the modified model and the classic 2VO model groups were longer and higher than those in the sham operation group.The pupillary light reflex of the rats was lost in the classic 2VO model group and the pupillary light reflex of the rats was normal in other groups.The reaching platform time in the classic 2VO model group was significantly longer than that in the modified model and sham operation groups (P ＜0.001).The percentage of target quadrant dwell time was also decreased significantly (at day 7 after procedure:F =13.770,P ＜0.001 ; at day 90 after procedure:F =14.780,P ＜0.001).HE staining showed pathological changes such as the cells decrease in hippocampal CA1 region and leukoaraiosis in the modified model and the classic 2VO model groups.In addition,there were more vacuole-like changes in the rat optic nerve region in the classic 2VO model group,while there were no such changes in the modified model group.Conclusions Establishing vascular dementia model with permanent occlusion of bilateral internal carotid arteries after intermittent occlusion of bilateral carotid arteries could avoid severe visual impairment in rats.In the Morris water maze and eight-arm maze test,the modified model rats showed significant decrease in learning and memory abilities and had hippocampal damage.

This study established a population pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics model of clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Fifty-nine patients were enrolled. The plasma concentration of clopidogrel active metabolite and vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein platelet reactivity index (VASP-PRI) were selected as the pharmacokinetics index and the pharmacodynamics index, respectively. The covariates including demographic characteristics, laboratory indexes, combined medication, complications and genetic polymorphisms of related enzymes were screened for their influence on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics parameters. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics data analysis was performed using NONMEM software. The general linear model and the indirectly effect model-turnover model for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis were selected as the basic model, respectively. The population typical values of K12, CL/F, V/F, EC50, K(in), and E(max) were 0.259 h(-1), 179 L x h(-1), 632 L, 1.57 ng x mL(-1), 4.29 and 0.664, respectively. CYP2C19 was the covariate in the final pharmacokinetic model, and the model was to design a prior dosage regimen.

Objective To evaluate the effect of exogeneous adiponectin on hippocampal advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-reactive oxygen species (ROS)-endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) pathway in aged mice with postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD).Methods Thirty-two healthy male C57BL/6 mice, aged 18 months, weighing 20-25 g, were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=8 each) using a random number table: control group (group C), POCD group, exogeneous adiponectin group (group APN), and vehicle group (group Veh).Splenectomy was performed to establish the POCD model in aged mice anesthetized with intraperitoneal pentobarbital sodium.In group APN, adiponectin 0.1 μg/g (in 2 μl of phosphate buffer solution) was injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle at 30 min before establishing the model.Phosphate buffer solution 2 μl was given at 30 min before establishing the model in group Veh.Cognitive function was assessed on day 7 after surgery.The mice were then sacrificed, and the hippocampus was harvested for determination of the area of AGE deposition (by immunohistochemistry), levels of ROS (by flow cytometry), and levels of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), caspase-12 and ROS (using Western blot).Results Compared with group S, the freezing time in the contextual fear conditioning test was significantly shortened, the area of AGE deposition and levels of ROS, CHOP and caspase-12 were increased, and the level of GRP78 was decreased in POCD, APN and Veh groups.Compared with POCD and Veh groups, the freezing time in the contextual fear conditioning test was significantly prolonged, the area of AGE deposition and levels of ROS, CHOP and caspase-12 were decreased, and the level of GRP78 was increased in group APN.Conclusion Exogeneous adiponectin decreases the occurrence of POCD probably by blocking hippocampal AGEs-ROS-ERS pathway in aged mice.

Ferroptosis, a recently discovered form of programmed cell death characterized by iron-dependent accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species, plays an important role in diseases such as breast cancer. Although breast cancer is a common malignant tumor in women, its etiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. However, activation of the ferroptosis pathway is known to affect breast cancer cells by inhibiting their proliferation, mitigating their resistance to chemotherapy drugs, enhancing their sensitivity to radiotherapy, and inhibiting their distant metastases; thus, the ferroptosis pathway is a potential novel target for the treatment of breast cancer. Herein, we summarize the mechanisms of ferroptosis and its potential role in breast cancer treatment.

Objective To study the effects of stratum corneum on the percutaneous absorption of fluorescein sodium (NaFl) liposome in rat skin. Methods Stratum corneum was stripped off by Scotch adhesive tape, and the NaFl content in the stratum corneum and the skin with no stratum corneum were detected by spectrofluorimetry at regular intervals. The dynamic permeated amount of different preparations of NaFl in the skin at different intervals in Franz diffuse cell was determined and the distribution of NaFl at 4 h after stripping off the stratum corneum was observed by fluorescence microscope. Results The concentrations of NaFl in the stratum corneum and the skin with no stratum corneum after applying liposome NaFl preparation were significantly higher than those of NaFl solution and gel preparations (P 0.05). Conclusions It is suggested that liposome can increase and change the penetration of NaFl into the stratum corneum and the skin with no stratum corneum in vitro. Hair follicular structure may not play an important role in the drug diffusion when stratum corneum is removed.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the expression of Toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) of cultured human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLCs) activated by Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) lipoteichoic acid (LTA).

METHODSHPDLCs that were obtained from the periodontal tissues of healthy humans were maintained in proper condition. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of TLR2 on normal HPDLCs and infectious HPDLCs which were incubated with 0.1, 1, 10 microg mL(-1) E. faecalis LTA for 24 h. IL-1 beta was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after incubating with LTA of the above concentration for 12, 24 and 48 h or pretreated with TLR2 neutralizing antibody for 1 h and then co-cultured with 1 microg mL(-1) LTA for 24 h.

RESULTSE. faecalis LTA promoted the expression of TLR2 in normal HPDLCs. The difference had statistical significance (P<0.05). IL-1 beta secretion could be detected 12h after stimulation with LTA and increasingly escalate within 48h (P<0.05). TLR2 neutralizing antibody had no evident effect on IL-1 beta generation stimulating by E. faecalis LTA.

CONCLUSIONE. faecalis LTA can increase the expression of TLR2 and IL-1 beta in normal HPDLCs.

Objective:To analyze the research hotspots of hospice care, and to understand the research status and development trend in this field, so as to provide reference for the development of hospice care in China.Methods:PubMed was retrieved systematically from June 2012 to June 2019, and the key words in the literature were taken as the research object. Bicomb and SPSS 23.0 software were used for co-word cluster analysis.Results:A total of 4 766 relevant literatures were retrieved and 46 high-frequency keywords were intercepted. Seven hot spots of hospice care were summarized through co-word cluster analysis: the demand for hospice care for terminal patients and its impact on their quality of life; the psychological status of caregivers and the social support they received; the upgrade of hospice care model; the promotion and Implementation of advance directives and advanced care plans; personnel's investigation and training on knowledge, belief and practice of hospice care; the best time for referral and treatment of hospice care; pain management of hospice care.Conclusions:In recent years, hospice care has attracted more and more attention, but there are relatively few studies in China. Through co-word cluster analysis of high-frequency subject words, we can realize the research hotspots of hospice care in the world, so as to provide references for domestic hospice care researchers.

Water-based magnetic fluid was synthesized by using 50% dextran 40,000 as coated reagent. The acute toxicity and irritant of the magnetic fluid injected into mice subcutaneous tissues were examined. The lethal dosage 50 of dextran-coated magnetic fluid was 4409.61 +/- 514.93 mg/kg. Twenty four h after subcutaneous injecting with 30 mg/0.3 ml dextran-coated magnetic fluid, no more inflammation than hemangiectasia and leucocytes infiltration had been seen in subcutaneous tissues, 72 h later the reaction phenomena disappeared. While, injection with 30 mg/0.3 ml water-based oleate sodium-coated magnetic fluid, ulceration and break-off of cutis had been seen in the seventh days. That is to say, the dextran-coated magnetic fluid was safe and well tolerate, however, the oleate sodium-coated magnetic fluid was not fit to subcutaneous injection.
Animals ; Coated Materials, Biocompatible ; toxicity ; Dextrans ; toxicity ; Female ; Ferrosoferric Oxide ; toxicity ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Magnetics ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Random Allocation