Objective To review the relevant literature,analyze development and application effect of the reform of object of practice in nursing skills teaching.Methods The literature was checked with the key word nursing skills teachingin Chinese journal full-text database from 1998 to 2013.Results In the nursing skills teaching,the reform of object of practice was helpful for nursing students to understand and master professional skills,to combine theoretical knowledge and skills; At the same time,it can enhance the communication ability of nursing students and active learning consciousness,cultivate the team cooperation spirit of nurses,improve the interest in nursing specialty courses,practical and comprehensive ability,effectively shorten the distance of classroom teaching and clinical practice.Conclusions Nursing educators should make reform of object of practice in nursing skills teaching,combine reform of object of practice with advanced teaching method,overcome the shortcomings of traditional technique teaching.

RNAs are known to regulate diverse biological processes, either as protein-encoding molecules or as non-coding RNAs.However, a new class of bi-functional RNAs, carrying both protein coding and RNA-intrinsic functions, have been identified and termed as 'CncRNAs'.This review discuss three major genomic sources of CncRNAs and describe the dual characteristics and functional mechanisms of them, providing a new perspective to further understand the complexity of the transcriptomics and genomes and the complex gene-regulatory network in organisms.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of fire needle with regulating respiration by mu point treatment and regulating zang by shu point treatment on humid-heat type of rheumatoid arthritis(RA).Methods:120 patients with RA were randomly divided into two groups:the treatment group received fire needle with regulating respiration by mu point treatment and regulating zang by shu point treatment,the control group were administrated with Dichronic tablets.The changes of rheumatoid factor(RF),erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR),C reactive protein(CRP),immune globulin and the indexes of swelling,aching,morning stiffness of joints were observed.Results:After treatment,the curative effect rate in the treatment group was higher than that in the control group(P

Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the mechanism of degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS) through measuring vertebra arch angle and facet joint degeneration with 64-slice spiral computed tomography (CT). Methods One hundred and six patients complained of lumbodynia were examined with 64-slice CT. In 28 of 106 patients have lumbar spondylolisthesis, while the other 78 cases have not. The vertebra arch angles of all cases were measured and the facet joint degenerations were analyzed. Results L4--5 vertebra arch angle in DS group were 119. 0°±2. 2°(left) and 118. 8°±1.9° (right) ,respectively. L4--5 vertebra arch angle in control group were 102.9°±1.2°(left) and 104. 7°± 1.2° (right) ,respectively. The joint angle in DS group were 41.1°±1.2°(left) ,and 29.0°±1.2°(right), respectively. The joint angle in control group were 45.5°±2. 1°(left), and 45. 1°±1.2°(right), respectively. There were significant differences of L4--5 vertebra arch angle and more serious of facet joint degeneration( P < 0. 05 ). Conclusion L4 vertebra arch inclination and facet joint degeneration were important to diagnosis of spondylolisthesis.

AIM　To study the protective effect of Gn-3 (a stilbene polymer isolated from Gnetum parvifolium) against liver injury induced by CCl4, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP) and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) plus bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. METHODS　The experimental model of liver injury were induced by 0.1% CCl4 ip (10 mL*kg-1*d-1 for 3d), APAP ip (150 mg*kg-1) or BCG (5 mg) plus LPS (7.5 μg) in mice. The levels of ALT in serum, MDA and GSH in liver tissues were detected. The histopathologic changes were observed by light microscope. RESULTS　Gn-3 was shown to markedly reduce the elevated serum ALT levels, liver tissue MDA and improve the histopathological changes in all the three experimental liver injury models. No effect of Gn-3 was observed on the liver GSH level in liver injury mice. CONCLUSION　Gn-3 was found to inhibit the development of liver injury caused by CCl4, APAP, or BCG plus LPS. This means that Gn-3 has liver protective effects.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of Bushen Tongdu Capsule for treating patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA, TCM syndrome of kidney-deficiency with cold). Methods Totally 71 RA patients were randomly divided into treatment group (36 cases) that was treated with Bushen Tongdu Capsule and control group (35 cases) that was treated with tripterygium glycosides tablet. Both groups were treated for 12 weeks. The signs and symptoms, the state of illness, and laboratory index were observed before and after treatment. Results The total effective rate was 72.22% (26/36) in the treatment group, and 62.86% (22/35) in the control group, without statistical significance (P>0.05). After treatment, simplified disease activity index, TCM syndrome integrals, tender joint count, swollen joint count, overall evaluation from patients, overall disease evaluation from doctors, rest pain, morning stiffness time, average hands grip strength, 20 m walking time, healthy condition questionnaire score, and C-reactive protein were significantly improved in both groups (P<0.01, P<0.05). Compared with control group, TCM syndrome integrals changed more significantly, with statistical significance (P <0.05). Conclusion Bushen Tongdu Capsule can relieve symptoms and signs of RA patients (TCM syndrome of kidney-deficiency with cold) effectively.

Adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) is commonly used as an anti-viral agent in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B,with a dose-and time-dependent nephrotoxicity.Clinical analysis was made in 4 patients with chronic hepatitis B who developed Fanconi syndrome and hypophosphatemic osteomalacia after long-term use of ADV (10 mg/d).

Ohjective To study the effects of emphysema on peripheral skeletal muscle biomechanics,pathomorphology and oxidative metabolism in rats.Methods Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were used and randomized equally into a control group and an emphysema group.A dose of 40 U/100 g body weight of porcine pancreatic elastase was instilled into the trachea of the animals of the emphysema group to model emphysema,while the same volume of saline was instilled into those of the control group.Twenty weeks after instillation,in situ mechanical properties of gastrocnemius were evaluated.Gastrocnemius fiber type composition and capillary density (CD) were assessed by using ATPase staining.Lipofuscin accumulation (LI/F) was determined with the ferric-ferricyanide reduction test technique.Immunohistochemistry was used for the detection of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) in gastrocnemius.The muscle biopsy homogenate was used to measure the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD),catalase (CAT),NOS,total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the content of nitric oxide (NO).Results Emphysema increased fatigability and decreased the recovery rate of gastrocnemius muscle [(145.0 ± 55.4) s vs (55.2 ± 29.3)s,P ＜ 0.05].Compared to control,the gastrocnemius muscle in rats with emphysema had a lower CD [(513.9±71.1)n/mm2 vs (578.6 ±59.9)n/mm2,P ＜0.05] and a decreased proportion of type I fibers [(16.0 ±5.0)％ vs (30.7 ±4.1) ％,P ＜0.05],with a reciprocal increase in type II b/x fibers [(27.3 ±4.8)％vs (11.0±3.2)％,P＜0.05].LI/F was higher (3.3±0.5 vsl.7±0.4,P＜0.05) and the activity of SOD,CAT and T-AOC was increased in emphysema group.Compared with control,rats with emphysema demonstrated a lower expression of endothelial NOS (eNOS) (1.9 ± 0.5 vs 3.4 ± 0.6,P ＜ 0.05),and an equivalent expression of neuronal NOS (nNOS) (4.7 ± 1.0 vs 5.1 ± 0.8,P ＞ 0.05) in the gastrocnemius muscle.The inducible NOS (iNOS) was not found in both groups.Conclusions Emphysema could induce biomechanical,pathomorphological and oxidative metabolic changes in peripheral skeletal muscle.

Objective To evaluate the expression and clinical significance of miRNA in plasma of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.Methods Plasma from 19 PBC patients,10 healthy volunteers and 10 viral hepatitis patients were selected from Shanghai Songjiang Hospital from december 2010 to January 2013.Among them 3 PBC patients' plasma and 3 healthy volunteers' plasma were detected by miRNA microarray for miRNA expression profile examination.Real-time PCR was used to verify the results of microarray,miRNA target gene predictior software was used to predict the target genes of differentially expressed miRNA.ROC was used to determine the clinical value of plasma miRNA.Results According to microarray,a total of 16 miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed.As revealed by qRT-PCR,the expression of miRNA-92a-3p and miRNA-4516 decreased while the expression of miRNA-572 and miRNA-575 were up-regulated in PBC group compared with healthy controls (P ＜ 0.05).In comparison with nonPBC cirrhosis group,only miRNA-92a-3p and miRNA-4516 were down-regulated (P ＜ 0.05).The area under the curve (AUC)of miRNA-92a-3p for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of PBC were 0.92 and 0.84,respectively.while for The area under the ROC curve of miRNA-4516,the AUC for diagnosis and differential diagnosis PBC were 0.89 and 0.76,respectively.The optimal cut-off values for identifying PBC from healthy controls were defined as 1.26 ng/μl.for miRNA-92a-3p (sensitivity,92％ ;specificity,80％)and 1.16ng/ul for miRNA-4516 (sensitivity,85％ ;specificity,70％)respectively.The optimal cut-off values for identifying PBC from viral hepatitis were defined as 1.08 ng/μl.for miRNA-92a-3p (sensitivity,89％ ; specificity,81％)and 1.06 ng/μl for miRNA-4516 (sensitivity,77％ ;specificity,68％).Conclusion The results indicate that plasma from patients with PBC has a unique miRNA exprssion profile and these differentially expressed miRNA can be used as clinical biomarkers of PBC.

Objective To observe the local field potential activity of dorsomedial and dorsolater striatal (STR) neurons in rats with exercise-induced fatigue,so as to explore the regional characteristics of those neurons.Methods Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control group(CG),a single fatigue group(SFG)and a repeated fatigue group(RFG),each of 12.The exercise-induced fatigue model was established according to a load-increasing treadmill running protocol.The CG did not do any treadmill running,SFG finished one-time exhaustive exercise while the RFG repeated exhaustive exercise 6 times.The extracellular glass microelectrode technique was used to record the spontaneous firing of dorsomedial(n=6)and dorsolateral(n=6)STR neurons in vivo to observe the discharging frequency,characteristics and types.Results (1)Spontaneous firing frequencies of striatal neurons in SFG were significantly higher than those of CG(P＜0.01),while those of RFG were significantly lower than SFG.(2) After repeated fatigues,there were significant decreases in the irregular firing pattern and significant increase in the explosive firing of striatal neurons compared with CG(P＜0.05).(3)After the single fatigue and repeated fatigue,the discharging frequency of dorsomedial medium spiny-like neurons increased significantly(P＜0.05),and that after repeated fatigue significantly higher than that of the dorsolateral(P＜0.01).The discharge frequency of the dorsomedial and dorsolateral fast-spiking neurons decreased significantly after repeated fatigues.The discharge frequency of dorsolateral large aspiny-like neurons of RFG was significantly higher than SFG,while that of the latter was significantly lower than CG(P＜0.05).Conclusions (1)Striatal neurons mediate exercise-induced fatigue and present regional characteristics,which might be due to dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatal neurons receiving different types of projection neurons.(2) Striatal fast-spiking neurons may play an important role in mediating the exercise-induced fatigue.