OBJECTIVE To investigate the improvement effects and its mechanism of Bazheng powder on chronic urinary tract infection （CUTI） induced by Escherichia coli in rats. METHODS The rats were divided into normal control group， model group， levofloxacin group （45 mg/kg） and Bazheng powder group （4.95 g/kg）， with 10 rats in each group. Except for the normal control group， other groups were administered an intravesical injection of Escherichia coli suspension （1×10⁸ cfu/mL） via the urethra to establish CUTI model； at the same time， rats in each group were administered the corresponding medicinal solution or water by gavage once a day for 4 consecutive weeks. After the last medication， blood routine tests （white blood cell count and lymphocyte percentage）， the levels of serum inflammatory factors [interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， IL-6， IL-8， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）]， and immune indicators [CD4， CD8， secretory immunoglobulin A （SIgA）]， renal function indicators [cystatin C （Cys-C）， α1- microglobulin （α1-MG）， urea and creatinine] were all determined； the pathological changes in renal and bladder tissues in rats were observed. The protein expressions of Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4）， nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB）， and nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing receptor 3 （NLRP3） in rat bladder tissues were detected. RESULTS Compared with the normal control group， the levels of IL-1β， IL-6， IL-8， TNF-α， CD8， Cys-C， α1-MG， urea and creatinine in serum， as well as the protein expressions of TLR4， NF-κB and NLRP3 in bladder tissues， were significantly elevated in the model group （P＜0.05）. Conversely， the levels of CD4 and SIgA were significantly decreased （P＜0.05）. Pathological changes， such as extensive infiltration of inflammatory cells， were observed in both renal and bladder tissues. Compared with the model group， the above quantitative indicators in the Bazheng powder group were significantly improved （P＜0.05）， with no obvious inflammatory lesions observed in either renal or bladder tissues. CONCLUSIONS Bazheng powder can alleviate inflammatory reaction and improve the immune function of CUTI rats， and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB/ NLRP3 signaling pathway.

Objective:To evaluate the incidence, clinical characteristics and prognosis of second primary malignancies (SPMs) among patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma (HPC) in real-world analysis.Methods:A total of 594 HPC patients admitted to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College from 2010 to 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.The incidence and clinical characteristics of HPC patients complicated with SPMs were analyzed. Clinical efficacy was compared among different groups.Results:With a median follow-up time of 66.9 months, SPMs were present in 36.4% (216/594) of HPC patients: 22.2% (132/594) were synchronous and 14.1% (84/594) were metachronous. The upper aerodigestive tract was the most common involved region. Compared with patients without SPMs, patients with synchronous and metachronous carcinoma in situ had similar 5-year overall survival (OS) of 42.2% vs. 44.5% ( P=0.958) and 62.2% vs. 44.5% ( P=0.240), respectively. Patients with synchronous invasive SPMs had a worse 5-year OS of 27.2% vs. 44.5% in their counterparts without SPMs ( P=0.001). Patients with metachronous invasive SPMs had similar 5-year OS of 50.2% vs. 44.5% in their counterparts without SPMs ( P=0.587). SPMs accounted for 42.5% of total death in metachronous invasive SPMs group. Conclusions:Patients with HPC have a high probability of developing SPMs. Moreover, the incidence of complicated with esophageal/gastric carcinoma in situ or metachronous SPMs exerts no effect on prognosis, while the occurrence of synchronous SPMs significantly affectes the prognosis of patients. However, the incidence of SPMs is still one of the main death causes in metachronous invasive SPMs group.

Objective:To investigate the value of applying B+ M type and shear-wave elastic ultrasound in determining the parameters of the geniohyoid muscles of stroke survivors with dysphagia.Methods:Forty stroke survivors with dysphagia formed an observation group, while 20 healthy counterparts were chosen as the control group. The thickness of the geniohyoid muscle, as well as the movement distance, time, rate and shear wave velocity were measured using B+ M ultrasound and shear wave elastic ultrasound when swallowing nothing or 5ml of water, respectively.Results:The average thickness of the geniohyoid muscle and the average shear wave velocity of the observation group were significantly smaller than among the controls. When swallowing either nothing or water, the geniohyoid muscle in the observation group tended to move farther than among the controls, acting more slowly and taking significantly more time.Conclusion:Ultrasound can quantify the thickness of the geniohyoid muscle and its motor parameters and stiffness. It can be used to evaluate the swallowing function of stroke survivors with dysphagia.

Objective:To investigate the urineinterleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-33 (IL-33) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and their predictive value for disease progression.Methods:110 IgAN patients admitted to Zhuozhou Hospital from January 2018 to October 2021 were selected and divided into IgAN progression group (39 cases) and IgAN non progression group (71 cases) according to the progress of IgAN patients. According to the Oxford Classification Standard System (MEST-C) of IgAN, they were divided into MEST-C≥3 group (42 cases) and MEST-C<3 group (68 cases). According to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), they were divided into eGFR≥50 ml/(min·1.73 m 2) group (group A, 63 cases) and eGFR<50 ml/(min·1.73 m 2) group (group B, 47 cases). According to the amount of urinary protein, they were divided into urinary protein≥1.5 g/24 h group (66 cases) and urinary protein<1.5 g/24 h group (44 cases). Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors affecting the progression of IgAN. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to analyze the value of urinary IL-6, IL-8, IL-33 and MMP-9 levels in predicting the progression of IgAN. Results:The urinary IL-6, IL-8, IL-33 and MMP-9 levels in IgAN progression group were significantly higher than those in IgAN non progression group, while the serum albumin, eGFR and complement C3 in the IgAN progression group were lower than those in the IgAN non progression group (all P<0.05). The urinary IL-6, IL-8, IL-33 and MMP-9 levels in the MEST-C≥3 group were significantly higher than those in the MEST-C<3 group (all P<0.001). The urinary IL-6, IL-8, IL-33 and MMP-9 levels in the eGFR<50 ml/(min·1.73 m 2) group were significantly higher than those in the eGFR≥50 ml/(min·1.73 m 2) group (all P<0.001). The urinary IL-6, IL-8, IL-33 and MMP-9 in the urinary protein≥1.5 g/24 h group were significantly higher than those in the urinary protein<1.5 g/24 h group (all P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the course of disease, serum albumin, eGFR, urinary protein, IL-6, IL-8, IL-33 and MMP-9 were risk factors affecting the progression of IgAN (all P<0.005). The ROC curve showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of IL-6, IL-8, IL-33 and MMP-9 in predicting the progression of IgAN was 0.956 (95% CI: 0.891-0.998), and the sensitivity and specificity were 98.4% and 86.2%, respectively. Conclusions:The elevated levels of urinary IL-6, IL-8, IL-33 and MMP-9 are closely related to the progress of IgAN, and the combination of these four indicators has a good value in predicting the progress of IgAN.

Objective: To investigate the pattern of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in patients with locally advanced (T₃, T₄) laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LALSC) and provide reference for the delineation of clinical target volume. Methods: Clinical data of 272 patients with LALSC treated in our hospital from 2000 to 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent bilateral neck dissection (at least level Ⅱ-Ⅳ). The LNM ratio of each node level was calculated. The risk factors of LNM were identified by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: LNM was found in 156 of 272 patients (57.1%). According to the location of primary lesions, all patients were divided into group A (n=72; unilateral without midline involvement), group B (n=86; unilateral with midline involvement) and group C (n=114; giant or central). In group A, the LNM ratio at ipsilateral level Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ was 36.3%, 26.4% and 6.9%, whereas 13.9%, 8.3% and 1.4% at the contralateral level, respectively. In group B, the LNM ratio at ipsilateral level Ⅱ, Ⅲ and IV was 1.9%, 29.1% and 11.6%, whereas 18.6%, 14.0% and 1.2% at the contralateral level, respectively. In group C, the LNM ratio at the left neck level Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ was 24.6%, 23.7% and 2.6%, whereas 21.9%, 26.3% and 6.1% at the right neck, respectively. Bilateral LNM ratio did not significantly differ between group A and group B/C (15.3%, 25.0%, P=0.093). Ipsilateral level Ⅲ metastasis (OR=2.929, 95%CI 1.041-8.245, P=0.042) and clinical N stage (OR=0.082, 95%CI 0.018-0.373, P=0.001) were associated with contralateral LNM. Ipsilateral level Ⅱ(P=0.043) or Ⅲ(P=0.009) metastasis were risk factors of the ipsilateral level Ⅳ metastasis. Conclusions Neck levels Ⅱ and Ⅲ are the high-risk LNM regions, whereaslevels Ⅳ and V are the low-risk areas. Ipsilateral level Ⅱ or Ⅲ metastases are the risk factors of ipsilateral level Ⅳ and contralateral cervical LNM. Contralateral neck LNM rarely occurs in cN₀ stage patients.

In order to evaluate the intervention effect of the school?based salt reduction model, 28 primary schools were selected in Shandong Province in September 2014 and randomly divided into intervention group (1 361 students, 1 306 parents) and control group (1 364 students,1 340 parents). A series of "small hands and big hands"salt reduction intervention activities were conducted in intervention group for 8 months. After the intervention, the total awareness rate of salt reduction knowledge, the total holding rate of related beliefs and the total reporting rate of related behaviors were 70.65%, 80.30% and 67.03% among students, and 85.66%, 93.77% and 87.93% among parents, in the intervention group, which were higher than those in the control group (37.12%, 66.52% and 50.07% among students; 55.11%, 87.52% and 57.96% among parents) (all P values<0.05). The school?based salt reduction model is effective and feasible.

In order to evaluate the intervention effect of the school-based salt reduction model, 28 primary schools were selected in Shandong Province in September 2014 and randomly divided into intervention group (1 361 students, 1 306 parents) and control group (1 364 students,1 340 parents). A series of "small hands and big hands" salt reduction intervention activities were conducted in intervention group for 8 months. After the intervention, the total awareness rate of salt reduction knowledge, the total holding rate of related beliefs and the total reporting rate of related behaviors were 70.65%, 80.30% and 67.03% among students, and 85.66%, 93.77% and 87.93% among parents, in the intervention group, which were higher than those in the control group (37.12%, 66.52% and 50.07% among students; 55.11%, 87.52% and 57.96% among parents) (all P values <0.05). The school-based salt reduction model is effective and feasible.

In order to evaluate the intervention effect of the school?based salt reduction model, 28 primary schools were selected in Shandong Province in September 2014 and randomly divided into intervention group (1 361 students, 1 306 parents) and control group (1 364 students,1 340 parents). A series of "small hands and big hands"salt reduction intervention activities were conducted in intervention group for 8 months. After the intervention, the total awareness rate of salt reduction knowledge, the total holding rate of related beliefs and the total reporting rate of related behaviors were 70.65%, 80.30% and 67.03% among students, and 85.66%, 93.77% and 87.93% among parents, in the intervention group, which were higher than those in the control group (37.12%, 66.52% and 50.07% among students; 55.11%, 87.52% and 57.96% among parents) (all P values<0.05). The school?based salt reduction model is effective and feasible.

Autophagy is a dynamic process that allows recycling of long-lived proteins and damaged organelles into biosynthetic materials for maintaining the normal cellular homeostasis. Recently, accumulating evidence has indicated that autophagy played important roles in the pathogenesis of neuronal diseases. In this article, the research progress of autophagy in the pathogenesis and regulation mechanism of common nervous system diseases were reviewed to deepen the understanding of autophagy, and arouse researchers' attention on dynamic regulation of autophagy and alleviating autophagic flow injury.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the prevalence and distribution characteristics of dyslipidemia among Shandong residents aged 18-69 years.

METHODSThe levels of triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and total cholesterol (TC) were determined in fasting serum of 5 ml venous blood for subjects aged 18-69 years who were selected by multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling from 20 counties in July, 2011 in 140 counties of Shandong province. The prevalence of dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, high blood LDL-C, low blood HDL-C and hypertriglyceridemia were analyzed by the complex weighting. The prevalence of dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, high blood LDL-C, low blood HDL-C and hypertriglyceridemia were compared for different characteristics by Rao-Scott χ(2).

RESULTSThe prevalence of dyslipidemia among 15 350 subjects was 22.70% (3 572), with higher in males (26.91% (2 110/7 683)) than in females (18.41% (1 462/7 667)). The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was 3.39% (n=582), with higher in Eastern Shandong (4.59% (185/3 704)). The prevalence of high blood LDL-C was 0.56% (n=94), with higher in Eastern Shandong (0.79% (32/3 074)). The prevalence of low blood HDL-C was 11.41% (n=1 789). The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was 13.02% (n=2 059), higher in urban residents (16.54% (814/4 804)) than in rural (11.52% (1 245/10 546)) (χ(2)=71.54, P<0.001). The difference between the prevalence of low blood HDL-C and hypertriglyceridemia was not significant among Eastern Shandong, Central-South and Northwest.

CONCLUSIONDyslipidemia rate was higher among adult residents in Shandong province. The rate was higher for men than for women. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and high blood LDL-C were higher in Eastern Shandong than the other areas. The hypertriglyceridemia and low blood HDL-C were two major types of dyslipidemia.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Body Weight ; China ; epidemiology ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Cholesterol, HDL ; blood ; Cholesterol, LDL ; blood ; Dyslipidemias ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; epidemiology ; Hypertriglyceridemia ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Rural Population ; Triglycerides ; blood ; Urban Population ; Young Adult