Objective To investigate the effects of clonidine on the visceral pain induced by acute myocardial ischemia. Methods Male SD rats weighing 250-280 g were operated upon under general anesthesia with intraperitoneal methane 1.2 g/kg and local infiltration of the skin incision. After tracheal intubation, the animals were mechanically ventilated (VT = 5-7 ml/kg, RR = 75 bpm). The anterior descending branch of left coronary artery was occluded with a snare through the left 4 th intercostal space. The animals were then fastened to a brain stereotaxic instrument and a burr hole was made in the skull. A glass micro-electrode was inserted into the brain. The discharges of noxious stimulation responding neuron (NSRN) in parafascicular nucleus were recorded. Twenty-four rats detected NSRN showed response to coronary artery occlusion (CAO) were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =6 each): group Ⅰ CAO + normal saline 0.1 ml; group Ⅱ CAO + elonidine 30 μg; group Ⅲ CAO + clanidine 100 μg; group Ⅳ CAO + clonidine 100 μg + yohimbine (an α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist) 200 μg. In group Ⅳ , clonidine was administered intravenously 15 min after CAO, and then yohimbine was injected intravenously 15 min later. The discharges of NSRN were recorded every 5 min for 60 min from the beginning of CAO. Results Clonidine 100 μg significantly inhibited the increased frequency of nociceptive discharge rate of NSRN after CAO. However, this effect could be blocked by the α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist yohimbine.Conclusion Clonidine 100 μg can reduce the visceral pain induced by acute myocardial ischemia through activiting α2-adrenergic receptor.

OBJECTIVE:To study the mechanism of action of grape seed proanthocynidins extract(GSPE)in treating acetic acid-induced colitis gravis in rats.METHODS:Rats model with acetic acid-induced colitis was built,the animals were di-vided into normal control group,model group,positive control group and GSPE group(which were subdivided into low,medium and high dose subgroups by intragastric administration).On the8th day of administration of drugs,the changes of myeloperoxidase(MPO),superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)and malonaldehyde(MDA)in colonic tissue were detected,respectively.RESULTS:The model group had a significantly higher level of MPO content than did the normal control group(P

Objective To explore the metabolism and chronic complication features of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with hyperferritemia. Methods:A total of 268 type 2 diabetic patients with a disease course of more than 5 years, who were hospitalized in our hospital between January to December 2019 were included in this retrospective study. Serum ferritin was measured by Chemiluminescence in each participant. Patients with other diseases, which might affect serum ferritin level, were excluded. According to the results of serum ferritin, the patients were divided into hyperferritemia group ( n=115) and normal ferritin group ( n=153). The metabolic indexes, including C-reactive protein, blood glucose, blood lipid, liver and kidney function, were measured. Chronic complications and comorbidities, including diabetic retinopathy, urinary microalbumin excretion, hypertension, coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease were evaluated. The correlation between hyperferritemia and various variables was analyzed. Results:Body mass index, the levels of serum urea nitrogen, uric acid, C-reactive protein, alanine aminotransferase and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, as well as prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, microalbuminuria, hypertension and coronary heart disease, were significantly higher in hyperferritemia group than in normal ferritin group (all P<0.05). Hyperferrinemia was positively correlated with C-reactive protein ( r=0.262, P<0.001), coronary heart disease ( r=0.232, P<0.001), alanine transpeptidase ( r=0.216, P<0.001), urea nitrogen ( r=0.201, P=0.001), diabetic retinopathy ( r=0.169, P=0.008) and microalbuminuria ( r=0.176, P=0.004). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that hyperferrinemia was an independent risk factor of coronary heart disease and diabetic retinopathy ( OR=2.246, 95% CI 1.310-3.849, P=0.003; OR=2.232, 95% CI 1.287-3.870, P=0.004, respectively) in this patient cohort. Stepwise linear regression showed that there was a significant correlation between hyperferrinemia and microalbuminuria (β=0.165, P=0.009). Conclusions:Our results show that the level of serum C-reactive protein, alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, urea nitrogen, uric acid and microalbuminuria are significantly increased and the risk of coronary heart disease and diabetic retinopathy are higher in type 2 diabetic patients with hyperferritemia.

Objective To explore the insula sensory features and analyze its electrophysiological characteristics based on stereo-electroencephalograph (SEEG).Methods The clinical data of 16 drug-refractory epilepsy patients,admitted to our hospital from December 2013 to June 2016,were retrospectively analyzed.All patients were implanted with SEEG electrodes;totally,34 electrodes (257 contacts) located in insular lobe.Micro current stimulation was performed every adjacent two contacts to get the sensory mapping and the stimulus threshold of the insula.Results Of all the 257 contacts,160 presented clinical symptoms (positive contacts);there were 149 contacts with sensory manifestations,of which 72 were on the left side and 77 on the right.Sensory symptoms of insula mainly included both somatic sensation and visceral sensation.The threshold of somatosensory was (4.9±2.9) mA,and the threshold of visceral sensation was (6.0±2.9) mA,without significant difference (P＞0.05).No significant difference was noted between the left insula sensory ([6.2±3.1] mA) and the right insula sensory ([5.7±2.8] mA,P＞0.05).It showed sensation abnormal of larynx,lingua,face and limb when the middle and posterior short gyrus,as well as anterior and posterior long gurus,respectively,were stimulated;insula sensory showed anatomy distribution,with different stimulated sensitivities.The sensory function showed parallel distribution with the insular gyrus from the middle short gyrus to posterior long gurus,as laryngeal-lingual-facial (nasal and lips)-limb sensation,and the thresholds of the five insular gurus were (6.0±3.1) mA,(4.7±1.5) mA,(8.0±2.9) mA,(5.1±2.4) mA and (4.5±2.6) mA,respectively,with statistically significant differences (P＜0.05).Conclusions The sensitivity of somatic sensation and visceral sensation of the insula monitored by SEEG is similar,as well as the left and right side.The sensory threshold and sensory fan-shaped distribution play important roles in conforming insular symptoms and location for clinician.

Objective To investigate the extents of corpus callosotomy (CC) resulting in optimal seizure control and compare the efficacies and complications of two CC approaches. Methods Clinical data of 25 patients underwent CC in our hospital from January 2013 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. All 25 patients were diagnosed as having medically refractory epilepsy, and 27 CC procedures were performed. The patients underwent either anterior two thirds CC (n=13) or single-stage complete CC (n=12). Two patients had a second-stage posterior CC in 61 and 36 months after anterior CC, respectively. The efficacies were studied by using two evaluation indexes, the effective rate (worthwhile improvements) and the markedly effective rate (favorable outcomes).Results The average postoperative follow-up time was 2.6 years. In comparison, the markedly effective rate (>75％ reduction in seizure frequency or severity) was 71.4％ after complete CC and 15.4％ after anterior two thirds CC with a statistical significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). The effective rate (>50％ reduction in seizure frequency or severity) of complete CC (78.6％) was higher than that of anterior two thirds CC (53.8％), but without significant difference (P>0.05). Overall, 66.7％ of patients benefited from anterior or complete CC. There were no such complications as intracranial hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, cerebrospinal fluid leakage or postoperative infection.Conclusion Complete CC is more effective for seizure control than anterior two thirds CC; no permanent neurological deficits are observed postoperatively.