Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and clinical features of infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS).Methods:A cross-sectional study and analysis were conducted to summarize the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 9 918 patients with CNS infectious diseases, who were diagnosed and treated at 29 hospitals across China from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2020. Data collected included demographic data, clinical manifestations, health economic indicators, and prognostic outcomes.Results:Among the 9 918 collected cases of CNS infectious diseases, 5 559 were male (56.0%) and 4 359 were female (44.0%), with an onset age of 38 (25, 53) years. Education level: slightly more junior high school education (2 651 cases, 26.7%), and less elementary school education and below (2 181 cases, 22.0%) were found. Occupational distribution: farmers were found predominant (3 215 cases, 32.4%), followed by workers (1 826 cases, 18.4%) and students (1 633 cases, 16.5%). Clinical manifestations: headache (6 074 cases, 61.2%), fever (5 869 cases, 59.2%) and positive meningeal irritation signs (2 273 cases, 22.9%) were the 3 most common clinical manifestations, followed by nausea and (or) vomiting (2 095 cases, 21.1%), impaired consciousness (2 077 cases, 20.9%), psychiatric symptom (1 866 cases, 18.8%) and epilepsy (1 627 cases, 16.4%), etc., and cranial nerve involvement was found in 669 cases (6.7%). Major pathogens included viruses in 6 814 cases (68.7%), Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1 677 cases (16.9%), common bacteria in 864 cases (8.7%), fungi in 254 cases (2.6%), spirochetes of syphilis in 183 cases (1.8%), parasites in 121 cases (1.2%), and rickettsiae in 5 cases (0.1%). Urban-rural distribution: slightly more cases were found in the countryside (5 418 cases, 54.6%) than in the towns (4 500 cases, 45.4%). Distribution of onset by season: 2 412 cases (24.3%) fell ill in spring, 2 835 cases (28.6%) in summer, 2 187 cases (22.1%) in fall, and 2 484 cases (25.0%) in winter. Health economics: the duration of hospitalization was 15 (8, 27) days, and the cost of hospitalization was 1.53 (0.91, 3.02)×10 000 yuan. Prognosis: 9 531 cases (96.1%) were cured or improved, and 92 cases (0.9%) died. Conclusions:The pathogens responsible for CNS infectious diseases are predominantly viruses. Although the incidence is slightly higher during the summer months, the overall seasonal pattern is not particularly pronounced. These infections are more commonly observed in young and middle-aged males and present with a diverse range of clinical manifestations, contributing to a significant disease burden.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and clinical features of infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS).Methods:A cross-sectional study and analysis were conducted to summarize the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 9 918 patients with CNS infectious diseases, who were diagnosed and treated at 29 hospitals across China from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2020. Data collected included demographic data, clinical manifestations, health economic indicators, and prognostic outcomes.Results:Among the 9 918 collected cases of CNS infectious diseases, 5 559 were male (56.0%) and 4 359 were female (44.0%), with an onset age of 38 (25, 53) years. Education level: slightly more junior high school education (2 651 cases, 26.7%), and less elementary school education and below (2 181 cases, 22.0%) were found. Occupational distribution: farmers were found predominant (3 215 cases, 32.4%), followed by workers (1 826 cases, 18.4%) and students (1 633 cases, 16.5%). Clinical manifestations: headache (6 074 cases, 61.2%), fever (5 869 cases, 59.2%) and positive meningeal irritation signs (2 273 cases, 22.9%) were the 3 most common clinical manifestations, followed by nausea and (or) vomiting (2 095 cases, 21.1%), impaired consciousness (2 077 cases, 20.9%), psychiatric symptom (1 866 cases, 18.8%) and epilepsy (1 627 cases, 16.4%), etc., and cranial nerve involvement was found in 669 cases (6.7%). Major pathogens included viruses in 6 814 cases (68.7%), Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1 677 cases (16.9%), common bacteria in 864 cases (8.7%), fungi in 254 cases (2.6%), spirochetes of syphilis in 183 cases (1.8%), parasites in 121 cases (1.2%), and rickettsiae in 5 cases (0.1%). Urban-rural distribution: slightly more cases were found in the countryside (5 418 cases, 54.6%) than in the towns (4 500 cases, 45.4%). Distribution of onset by season: 2 412 cases (24.3%) fell ill in spring, 2 835 cases (28.6%) in summer, 2 187 cases (22.1%) in fall, and 2 484 cases (25.0%) in winter. Health economics: the duration of hospitalization was 15 (8, 27) days, and the cost of hospitalization was 1.53 (0.91, 3.02)×10 000 yuan. Prognosis: 9 531 cases (96.1%) were cured or improved, and 92 cases (0.9%) died. Conclusions:The pathogens responsible for CNS infectious diseases are predominantly viruses. Although the incidence is slightly higher during the summer months, the overall seasonal pattern is not particularly pronounced. These infections are more commonly observed in young and middle-aged males and present with a diverse range of clinical manifestations, contributing to a significant disease burden.

OBJECTIVE To establish a clinical pharmaceutical pathway of anti-infective therapy for high-risk populations of antibiotic-associated encephalopathy （AAE）， and analyze its application effects. METHODS Clinical pharmacists developed the “AAE High-Risk Population Screening Form” and “Antibiotic AAE Risk Comparison Form” based on literature and expert opinions， and established the “Clinical Pharmaceutical Pathway of Anti-infective Treatment for AAE High-Risk Population” in our hospital. A prospective， non-randomized controlled study was conducted from May 2023 to April 2024， including 50 cases in the observation group and 50 cases in the control group among patients with pulmonary infections admitted to the Dept. of Internal Medicine in our hospital. The observation group was involved in the development of an anti-infective treatment following the clinical pharmaceutical pathway by clinical pharmacists， while the control group received routine anti-infective treatment by clinical physicians. The occurrence of AAE， the rational antibiotic drug use， and the effectiveness of initial anti-infective treatment in the two groups were observed， and the intervention measures and outcomes of AAE cases were summarized. RESULTS The anti-infective treatment clinical pharmaceutical pathway for AAE high-risk population was preliminarily established in our hospital. The analysis of the application effects showed that there was 1 case of AAE in the observation group and 8 cases in the control group， with a significantly lower incidence of AAE in the observation group than in the control group； the rational antibiotic drug use and the effectiveness of initial anti-infective treatment in the observation group were both significantly superior to those in the control group （P＜0.05）. Drug withdrawal and dressing change were the preferred effective intervention measures for AAE， and encephalopathy treatment drugs could be used as auxiliary measures for symptom relief. Timely and effective intervention was conducive to rapid symptom relief， with a total improvement rate of AAE of 88.89%. CONCLUSIONS The anti-infective treatment clinical pharmaceutical pathway for AAE high-risk population can effectively prevent the occurrence of AAE as well as contribute to promoting rational drug use and the effectiveness of initial anti-infection plans and strengthening treatment outcomes.

Objective:To explore the microbiological and disease distribution characteristics of multidrug-resistant bacteria in patients hospitalized in a critical care rehabilitation ward, and to analyze the risk factors leading to multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.Methods:Microbiology screening data describing 679 patients admitted to a critical care rehabilitation ward were retrospectively analyzed to divide the subjects into a multidrug-resistant group (positive for multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, n=166) and a non-multidrug-resistant group (negative for multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, n=513). The risk factors were then analyzed using logistic regression. Results:Among 369 strains of multidrug-resistant bacteria observed, 329 were gram-negative bacteria (89.2%), mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. They were distributed in sputum (56.9%) and mid-epidemic urine (28.2%) specimens. Patients whose primary disease was hemorrhagic or ischemic cerebrovascular disease accounted for 40.96% and 23.49% of the multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that albumin level, dependence on mechanical ventilation, central venous cannulation, or an indwelling urinary catheter or cystostomy tube were significant independent predictors of such infections.Conclusion:The multidrug-resistant bacterial infections of patients admitted to the critically ill rehabilitation unit are mainly caused by gram-negative bacteria. Their occurrence is closely related to low albumin levels and mechanical ventilation, as well as to bearing an indwelling central venous catheter, a urinary catheter or a cystostomy catheter.

Objective:To explore the clinical features of immunocompetent primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and influencing factors for prognosis of immunocompetent patients with PCNSL.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed; 69 immunocompetent patients with PCNSL confirmed by pathology in First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital from January 2016 to January 2024 were enrolled; initial symptoms, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score, and results of laboratory and pathological examinations in these patients were collected. Patients were divided into biopsy confirmed group ( n=43) and lesion resection confirmed group ( n=26) according to different diagnostic methods; patients were also divided into chemotherapy group ( n=48), chemotherapy+radiotherapy group ( n=9) and surgical resection group ( n=12) according to different treatment methods. Clinical outcomes of these patients in different groups at the end of follow-up were compared, and the influencing factors for short-term prognosis (6 months after treatment) were identified. All patients were followed up for 12.80 (6.00, 36.40) months. The short-term prognosis was evaluated by modified Rankin scale (mRS) 6 months after treatment (mRS scores of 0-2: good prognosis; mRS scores of 3-6: poor prognosis). Overall survival (OS) was recorded at the end of follow-up. Results:Among the 69 immunocompetent patients with PCNSL, 37 were males and 32 were females; median onset age was 59 years, ranged 24-83 years. Focal neurologic deficits of different degrees (34/69, limb weakness, sensory disturbances, ataxia, or eye involvement) were the most common initial symptoms, followed by headache (14/69), dizziness (10/69), cognitive dysfunction (9/69), epilepsy (1/69) and psychiatric disorders (1/69). Forty-five patients underwent cerebrospinal fluid examination: 17 had cerebrospinal fluid pressure≥200 mmH 2O (1 mmH 2O=9.8 Pa); 10 had increased white blood cell count (>10×10 6/L), reaching to (16.5[11.0, 20.0])×10 6/L; 32 had increased protein level, reaching to 758.10 (547.83, 948.13) mg/L. Cerebrospinal fluid cytology was performed in 15 patients, and tumor cells were found in only 1 patient. Cranial MRI showed that intracranial solitary lesions were more common (60.87%, 42/69), and most lesions were at the basal ganglia region (40.58%, 28/69). PET/CT showed a obviously higher metabolism of the lesions (97.06, 33/34), with maximum standardized uptake of 22.9 (13.9, 30.55) g/mL. All patients had diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). By the end of follow-up, 28 patients died. Logistic regression analysis showed that ECOG score≥2 ( OR=9.210, 95% CI: 2.558-32.896, P=0.001) and positive MYC ( OR=0.088, 95% CI: 0.008-0.973, P=0.047) were independent risk factors for poor short-term prognosis. Cox proportional hazard regression model analysis showed that ECOG score≥2 ( HR=5.135, 95% CI: 2.230-11.827, P<0.001), positive B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL-6, HR=0.226, 95% CI: 0.079-0.649, P=0.006) and chemotherapy or chemotherapy+radiotherapy ( HR=0.392, 95% CI: 0.157-0.980, P=0.045) were independent prognostic factors for OS. Conclusions:In immunocompetent patients with PCNSL, focal neurological deficits are more common at the onset, and fever is rare. Patients with ECOG score≥2 are more likely to have poor short-term prognosis and short OS. MYC-positive patients will have a better short-term prognosis; BCL-6 positive patients and patients treated with chemotherapy or chemotherapy+radiotherapy will have longer OS.

Objective:To explore the clinical features of immunocompetent primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and influencing factors for prognosis of immunocompetent patients with PCNSL.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed; 69 immunocompetent patients with PCNSL confirmed by pathology in First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital from January 2016 to January 2024 were enrolled; initial symptoms, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score, and results of laboratory and pathological examinations in these patients were collected. Patients were divided into biopsy confirmed group ( n=43) and lesion resection confirmed group ( n=26) according to different diagnostic methods; patients were also divided into chemotherapy group ( n=48), chemotherapy+radiotherapy group ( n=9) and surgical resection group ( n=12) according to different treatment methods. Clinical outcomes of these patients in different groups at the end of follow-up were compared, and the influencing factors for short-term prognosis (6 months after treatment) were identified. All patients were followed up for 12.80 (6.00, 36.40) months. The short-term prognosis was evaluated by modified Rankin scale (mRS) 6 months after treatment (mRS scores of 0-2: good prognosis; mRS scores of 3-6: poor prognosis). Overall survival (OS) was recorded at the end of follow-up. Results:Among the 69 immunocompetent patients with PCNSL, 37 were males and 32 were females; median onset age was 59 years, ranged 24-83 years. Focal neurologic deficits of different degrees (34/69, limb weakness, sensory disturbances, ataxia, or eye involvement) were the most common initial symptoms, followed by headache (14/69), dizziness (10/69), cognitive dysfunction (9/69), epilepsy (1/69) and psychiatric disorders (1/69). Forty-five patients underwent cerebrospinal fluid examination: 17 had cerebrospinal fluid pressure≥200 mmH 2O (1 mmH 2O=9.8 Pa); 10 had increased white blood cell count (>10×10 6/L), reaching to (16.5[11.0, 20.0])×10 6/L; 32 had increased protein level, reaching to 758.10 (547.83, 948.13) mg/L. Cerebrospinal fluid cytology was performed in 15 patients, and tumor cells were found in only 1 patient. Cranial MRI showed that intracranial solitary lesions were more common (60.87%, 42/69), and most lesions were at the basal ganglia region (40.58%, 28/69). PET/CT showed a obviously higher metabolism of the lesions (97.06, 33/34), with maximum standardized uptake of 22.9 (13.9, 30.55) g/mL. All patients had diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). By the end of follow-up, 28 patients died. Logistic regression analysis showed that ECOG score≥2 ( OR=9.210, 95% CI: 2.558-32.896, P=0.001) and positive MYC ( OR=0.088, 95% CI: 0.008-0.973, P=0.047) were independent risk factors for poor short-term prognosis. Cox proportional hazard regression model analysis showed that ECOG score≥2 ( HR=5.135, 95% CI: 2.230-11.827, P<0.001), positive B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL-6, HR=0.226, 95% CI: 0.079-0.649, P=0.006) and chemotherapy or chemotherapy+radiotherapy ( HR=0.392, 95% CI: 0.157-0.980, P=0.045) were independent prognostic factors for OS. Conclusions:In immunocompetent patients with PCNSL, focal neurological deficits are more common at the onset, and fever is rare. Patients with ECOG score≥2 are more likely to have poor short-term prognosis and short OS. MYC-positive patients will have a better short-term prognosis; BCL-6 positive patients and patients treated with chemotherapy or chemotherapy+radiotherapy will have longer OS.

Objective To investigate the incidence and influencing factors of geriatric syndrome (GS) in Beijing area, and to analyze the relationship between GS and Barthel Index (Barthel ADL) score and quality of life. Methods From June 2018 to December 2018, a community-based or door-to-door survey of elderly people >65 years old in some communities in Beijing was conducted. The incidence of GS and its gender distribution, age distribution, and type distribution were investigated. At the same time, GS patients were selected as the observation group, and among people without GS in physical examination, a random sampling method was used to select the control group. The general data, Barthel ADL score, and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) score were compared between the two groups. The relevant influencing factors of GS and its correlation with the Barthel ADL score and WHOQOL-BREF scores were analyzed. Results Among 500 elderly people in the community investigated in the present study, 97.00% of patients had ≥1 types of GS, 84.80% of patients had ≥2 types, and 70.20% of patients had ≥3 types of GS. High education level (OR=0.329, 95%CI: 0.259-0.418) and retirement pension (OR=0.727, 95%CI: 0.576-0.918) were the protective factors for the occurrence of GS. Hyperlipidemia (OR=3.176, 95%CI: 2.518-4.007), diabetes (OR=2.473, 95%CI: 1.718-3.559), coronary heart disease (OR=2.658, 95%CI:1.649-4.286), hypertension (OR=3.230, 95%CI:2.008-5.197), osteoarthropathy (OR=4.166, 95%CI: 3.008-5.769), cancer (OR=3.008, 95%CI: 1.894-4.778), acute cerebral infarction (OR=3.420, 95%CI: 2.335-5.009), and acute myocardial infarction (OR=2.112, 95%CI: 1.169-3.814) were the risk factors for GS (P<0.05). The Barthel ADL score and WHOQOL-BREF score of the observation group were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). GS was negatively correlated with Barthel ADL and WHOQOL-BREF scores (P<0.05). Conclusion GS was common in the elderly in Beijing, and its occurrence was related to factors such as education level, retirement pension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension, osteoarthropathy, cancer, acute cerebral infarction, and acute myocardial infarction. Strengthening the early assessment and management of GS will help improve the daily life and quality of life of the elderly.

Objective:To understand the attitude, practice status and influencing factors of obstetric medical staff on sexual health care during pregnancy, and to provide reference for carrying out sexual education and training during pregnancy.Methods:A self-designed questionnaire on attitude and practice of obstetric medical staff towards sexual health care during pregnancy was used to investigate 462 obstetric medical staff in Guangdong Province from July to August, 2021,and the influencing factors were analyzed.Results:The attitude score of sexual health care during pregnancy among obstetric medical staff was (29.87 ± 5.96) points, and the practice score was (13.61 ± 1.23) points. Profession and hospital level affected obstetric medical staff′s attitude towards sexual health care during pregnancy ( P<0.05); profession, title and hospital level affected obstetric medical staff′s practice in providing pregnancy sexual health care ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Obstetric medical staff have a negative attitude towards sexual health care during pregnancy, and their active sexual health care behaviors need to be improved. Medical schools and work units need to strengthen the training and management of obstetric-related and reproductive health knowledge and skills to promote the effectiveness of pregnancy sexual education implementation and promotion.

Urease decomposes urea to ammonia, and has application potential in agriculture and medical treatment. Urease proteins include structural proteins (UreA, UreB and UreC) and accessory proteins (UreD/UreH, UreE, UreF and UreG), each of them has its own unique role in urease maturation. The structural proteins form the active center of urease, and the accessory proteins are responsible for the delivery of nickel. We review here the structure and function of bacterial urease complexes, and how each protein interacts to complete the activation process. We hope to provide theoretical basis for the regulation of urease activity and the development of urease inhibitors.
Bacterial Proteins ; Nickel ; Urease ; metabolism

Objective To explore the practice and effect of peer education in improving the empathic ability of in-service nurses. Methods A total of 122 in-service nurses at a tertiary hospital scoring below 60％ in empathy ability, were randomly divided into a control group and a research group by data table method. The nurses in the control group received theoretical training in empathy, and the nurses in the research group participated in peer-educated periodic empathy training activities. The Chinese version of interpersonal response index scale ( IRI-C) , nurses'humanistic care quality table, general self-efficacy scale were used before and after intervention. Results Before the intervention, the scores of the two groups of Chinese version of interpersonal response index scale ( IRI-C) , perspective-taking ( PT) , Fantasies ( FS) , empathic concern (EC) and Personal Distress (PD) were not statistically significant (P >0. 05). After intervention, the scores of the two groups of Chinese version of interpersonal response index scale ( IRI-C) , Fantasies ( FS) and Personal Distress ( PD) scores in the research group were all higher than those in the control group (P<0. 05). There was no significant difference in the scoring before and after intervention in the control group (P>0. 05). The total score and personal pain (PD) dimensions of the Chinese version of interpersonal response index scale ( IRI-C) were significantly higher than those before the intervention ( P<0. 01). The total score of nurses' humanistic care quality, the score of humanistic care ability and humanistic care perception were all higher than those before intervention in the study group (P<0. 05), and differences are statistically significant. Conclusions The practice of peer-education empathy training can effectively improve the empathy and humanistic care quality of the in-service nurses, and improve the nursing service level.