The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves several important functions, mainly post-translational modification, folding and assembly of newly synthesized secretary proteins, synthesizing lipids and cellular calcium storage. Various factors can disrupt ER homeostasis and disturb its functions, which leads to the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins and to potential cellular dysfunction and pathological consequences, collectively termed ER stress. Recent progress suggests that ER stress plays a key role in the immune response, diabetes, tumor growth, and some neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, ER stress is involved in several processes of cardiovascular diseases, such as ischemia/reperfusion injury, cardiomyopathy, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and atherosclerosis. Further research on the relation of ER stress to cardiovascular diseases will greatly enhance the understanding of these pathological processes and provide novel avenues to potential therapies.

The goats were injected with hepatitis B virus-transfer factor (HBV-TF), which was made from the immune spleen of the same spacies goats immunized with HBsAg After that, we measured the goats cellular immunity and humoral immunity by cheching up the serum anti-HBs level and lymphocyte transformation assay by ~3H-Thymidine (~3H-TdR) incorporation assay. The experiments showed that HBV-TF has the capacity of passing the specific cellular immunity from immune animals to no immune animals. The animals receiving HBV-TF showed a typical skin delay hypersensitivity to specific antigen and augument the effect of lymphocyte transformation in the presence of HBsAg. HBV-TF can also remove the inhibition of lymphocyte transformation caused by HBsAg, Both HBV-TF and N-TF can increase the number of goats blood leucocytes. However HBV-TF and N-TF have no effect on animal's humoral immunity.

IFA was used to observe the distribution and the alteration of T-lymphocyte subtypes in the peripheral blood of 20 patiens with condyloma acuminata for 31 times. The murine antibody was the first antient and the antient of rabbit against IGFITC the second. The results showed that the percentage of CD_3 cell in the patients decreased significantly(P

Objective To study the effect of recombinant rat augmenter of liver regeneration (rrALR) on proliferation and apoptosis of renal tubular cells in vitro. Methods The cultured human renal tubular cell line (HK2 cells) was divided into several groups with various concentration of gentamicin(GM) or/and rrALR. The proliferation of HK2 cell was evaluated by 3H-TdR incorporation. The apoptosis of HK2 cells was assessed by AO/EB staining and flow cytometer using Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) staining. Results (1 ) rrALR promoted HK2 cell proliferation in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner. The proliferative effect was significant with the concentration from 25 ng/ml to 50 ug/ml (P

Objective: To study the prevalence and pathogenesis of TT virus (TTV) in hemodialysis patients. Methods: Serum TTV DNA was tested in 69 hemodialysis patients from our hospital by nested-PCR using primers from a conservative region of TTV genenome, genetic analysis and detection of hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) and the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were also carried out simultaneously. Results: The overall prevalence of TTV viremia was 27.5%. The PCR-amplified gene fragment from one patient was sequenced, and its gene sequence homologies with GH1,TA278, TTVCHN1 and TTVCHN2 ranged from 89% to 100%, its deduced amino acid sequence ranged from 87% to 100%. There was no significant difference of TTV prevalence between anti-HCV positive and negative patients. No significant elevation of ALT was found in all patients. Conclusion: High prevalence of TTV infection is found among hemodialysis patients, and TTV infection has no significant association with HCV infection or elevation of ALT.

Objective To explore the impact of genetic background on pancreatic p-cell first-phase secretion function with L-arginine (L-ARG) stimulation test.Methods Plasma insulin level was detected in 201 cases before and after L-ARG stimulation test.Among them, 61 cases were newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients with family history of diabetes ( FH + DM ) , 55 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients without family history of diabetes ( FH - DM) ,31 with normal glucose tolerance and family history of diabetes ( FH + ) 54 with normal glucose tolerance but without family history of diabetes ( FH - ).Homeostasis model assessment ( HOMA) was used to estimate insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).Results It was premised that gender, age and BMI were similar among the 4 groups.(1)TC,TG,fasting plasma glucose,2h plasma glucose,fasting insulin and HOMA-IR in the two groups of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients with or without family history of diabetes were significantly higher than those in the two groups of normal glucose tolerance with or without family history of diabetes.The multiples of the peak level and the base level of insulin secretion in the groups of newly diagnosed diabetes were significantly lower than those in the groups of normal glucose tolerance with and without family history(P <0.05).(2) Insulin secretion reached a peak in 2 minutes and started to decline in 4 minutes in all the four groups.( 3 ) The multiples of the peak level and the base level of insulin secretion in normal glucose tolerance group with family history of diabetes were 20.8% lower than those in the group without family history, being 7.27 and 9.18 respectively ( P < 0.05 ).(4)Two-minute peak insulin secretion, HOMA-IR and age in the newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic group with family history of diabetes was significantly lower than these in the group without family history ( P < 0.05 ).The multiples of the peak level and the base level of insulin secretion in the newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic group with family history of diabetes and that group without family history were 5.18 and 5.31 respectively and there was no significant difference between the two groups( P >0.05).(5) When the normal glucose tolerance subjects with family history of diabetes progressed to suffer from diabetes, the multiples of the peak level and the base level of insulin secretion declined 43.6% (P < 0.05) more than those in the subjects still with normal glucose tolerance without family history.Conclusion In the early course of diabetes, insulin resistance dose not function significantly, but genetic background make the first-phase secretory function of the p-cell to decline gradually and type 2 diabetes occurs easily.In the absence of genetic background, insulin resistance makes first-phase the secretion of insulin to decline relatively slow.

AIM:To investigate the effects of recombinant rat augmenter of liver regeneration (rrALR) on apoptosis of renal tubular cells (NRK-52E cells) induced by gentamycin sulfate (GM). METHODS: The cultured NRK-52E cells were divided into four groups: normal control cells, cells with GM (GM 1.6 g/L) or GM and rrALR (15 mg/L or 25 mg/L) treatments. The apoptosis of cultured cells were assessed at 24 h, 48 h by AO/EB staining, DNA agarose gel electrophoresis analysis and flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) staining. The protein and mRNA expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax were detected by Western blotting and RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS: (1) rrALR inhibited NRK-52E cells apoptosis induced by GM (P

Based on extensive research of anatomy and physiological function of the Eustachian tube,the authors review the literatures to determine the mechanism of patulous Eustachian tube (PET).The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the patulous Eustachian tube,present the current diagnostic protocols for PET and determine the comparative efficacy of variable treatments for this condition.In addition,development prospects are summarized in this article.

Objective To evaluate the effect of midwives′antenatal clinic service on management of gestational weight and birth outcomes .Methods Totally 420 primiparas who had made registration and regular antenatal examination in a hospital ,were randomly divided into two groups .The women in the control group(n=208) received routine antenatal clinicservice .In addition ,the women in the experimental group(n=212) participated in an individual midwives′antenatal clinic .The primiparas′gestational weight gain and birth outcomes were measured and compared between the two groups .Results The rate of natural birth in the experimen‐tal group was higher than that of the control group .The rate of fetal macrosomia ,episiotomy and labor analgesia were lower than that of the control group(P<0 .01) .The rate of naturalbirth ,fetal macrosomia ,episiotomy ,labor analgesia were significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0 .01) .The neonatal weight[(3 250 .58 ± 270 .03)g vs .(3 405 .42 ± 403 .28)g] and volume of bleeding[(199 .13 ± 64 .37)mL vs .(249 .53 ± 93 .56)mL] 2 hours postpartum in the experimental group were significantly lower than that of the control group(t=28 .610 ,P<0 .01 ;t=20 .581 ,P<0 .01) .There were no significant differences in the rate of gesta‐tional diabetes mellitus ,pregnancy‐induced hypertension and fetal distress in uterusbetween the two groups (P>0 .05) .Conclusion The midwives′antenatal clinic service has good effects on management ofgestational weight gain ,improves birth outcomes and pro‐vides primiparas positive experience of childbirth .

carbomer gel(387.93,353.71,220.75,120.93,114.76,and 84.02 ?g?cm-2?h-1,respectively),with liposome and microcapsule showing significantly better percutaneous absorption efficacy than micromulsion and other gels(P