Objective To observe the changes of the multifocal electroretinograph (mf-ERG) in commotio retinae. Methods The affected eyes (traumatic group) and the fellow eyes (control group) of 31 patients with unilateral commotio retinae were examined by RETI scan 3.15 system. The responses of 61 retinal regions were recorded, and the average amplitude densities of the N 1 (the first negative) wave and P 1 (the first positive) wave in different regions of retinal were analyzed. Results The average amplitude densities of 1-4 rings in N 1 wave and 1-5 rings in P 1 wave were much lower in traumatic group than those in the control. Conclusions The average amplitude densities of N 1 wave and P 1 wave of mf-ERG in retinal affected regions decreases markedly in eyes with commotio retina; mf-ERG may provide the quantificational and orientational detection for the visual ability of the eyes with commotio retinae.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor,linagliptin,in subjects aged 60 years or older with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods Data from eight 24-week,multinational,multicenter,randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled,parallel-group studies were analyzed.Patients aged 60 years or older with T2DM were received oral linagliptin (5 mg/d) or placebo in combination with mefformin,or metformin plus sulfonylurea.Efficacy was assessed by the changes in glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) from baseline to 24 weeks of treatment.Safety endpoint included the frequency and intensity of adverse events.Results A total of 1 421 patients (placebo 429,linagliptin 992) were included in the full analysis set (FAS).Mean ages of the subjects were (67.4 ± 5.6) years in the linagliptin group and (66.7-± 5.6) years in the placebo group.Baseline HbA1c was (8.0 ±0.8) ％ in the linagliptin group and (8.1 ±0.9) ％ in the placebo group.At the end of 24-week,placebo-adjusted reduction in HbAlc in subjects with linagliptin was (0.7 ±0.1)％ (95％ CI 0.6-0.8,P ＜0.000 1),and placebo-adjusted reduction in FPG in subjects with linagliptin was (0.88 ±0.12) mmol/L(95％ CI 0.65-1.11,P ＜0.000 1).Overall safety and tolerability in the two groups were similar.Adverse events occurred in 57.1％ of patients in the placebo group and 61.1％ of patients in the linagliptin group,and the incidence of adverse events leading to discontinuation was 3.2％ in the placebo group and 3.8％ in the linagliptin group.Serious adverse events occurred in 1.6％ of patients in the placebo group and 2.8％ of patients in the linagliptin group.Investigator-defined hypoglycaemia occurred in 7.3％ of patients in the placebo group and 11.9％ of patients in the linagliptin group.Among them,most were mild or moderate hypoglycaemia,and severe hypoglycaemia only occurred in 0.2％ of patients in the placebo and 0.5％ in the linagliptin groups.Overall incidence of hypoglycaemia in linagliptin group was slightly higher than that in placebo group,which might be due to the fact that more patients were taking sulfonylureas in linagliptin group than in placebo group (26.8％ linagliptin;18.4％ placebo).No difference could be viewed in hypoglycaemia between the two groups in patients without sulfonylureas (1.2％ linagliptin,1.1％ placebo)Moreover,no severe hypoglycaemia was reported in subjects without sulfonylureas.The incidences of other adverse events were similar in both groups.Conclusion Linagliptin was efficacious in lowering glucose with a safety profile similar to placebo in type 2 diabetic patients aged 60 years or older.

Objectives To study the influential factors of the von Clauss method and to promote the method for fibrinogen assay in clinical laboratories in China. MethodsKits of foreign and domestic products were used. Calibration curves for fibrinogen determination were established, and calibration plasma was used for comparison. Effects of pH value, thrombin activity, and temperature on the measurement were studied.Results The reproducibility of the von Clauss method using domestic thrombin and related reagents was excellent, the within day CV being 0.039 1, and the between day CV 0.049 7. The percentage variations of calibration plasma determination, with the foreign fibrinogen assay kits using domestic reagents, were +3.17% , +4.76%, and -6.03%, respectively. Determination of a lyophilized plasma using the two sources reagents showed similar results.Conclusions Thrombin and relevant reagents produced in China could be used as a substitute for kits purchased abroad, which would promote the use of von Clauss method in clinical laboratories of China.

Objective To study the effect of combining loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) and recombinant human interferon α2b (rhIFNα-2b) suppository in treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).Methods Prospective,random and control study was conducted in 82 patients with CINⅠ-CINⅢ.Before canting out LEEP to these patients,all women were performed HPV DNA detection by the method of Hybri Max.Among these patients,41 patients were assigned to the studying group,in which the patients were given rhIFNα-2b suppository for three courses of treatment after LEEP.The other 41 patients who carried out LEEP simply were assigned to the control group.Liquid-based ThinPrep cytology test (TCT) and HPV DNA were examined in the sixth and twelfth month after treatment.Results In the studying group,the cure rate was 90.2％ when LEEP ended six months,and the cure rate was 100.0％ when LEEP ended twelve months.In the control group,the cure rate was 43.9％ when LEEP ended six months,and the cure rate was 61.0％ when LEEP ended twelve months.In the sixth and twelfth month after LEEP,the difference was significant when we compared the cure rate between the two groups (x2 =19.93,19.89,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The clinical effect of combining LEEP and rhIFNα-2b suppository is better than LEEP in treatment of CIN.The method can remove or destroy the cervical lesions effectively and inhibit HPV replication and spread of HPV infection.

Objective To investgate the application of overall hemostasis potential (OHP) experiment in the high-risk population of prethrombotic state (PTS). Methods The change of absorbance in fibrin formation and degradation was measured with a spectrophotometer at 340 nm when the plasma clotting was triggered by the low concentration of TF in the presence of urokinase. The OHP,overall coagulation potential (OCP) and the overall fibrinolysis potential (OFP) were obtained from the coagulation-fibrinolysis curve based on the computer analysis. To evaluate this OHP method,52 cancer patients,31 coronary artery disease patients,27 mid/late-stage pregnancy women and 100 healthy controls were detected. In addition,the plasma fibrinogen was detected and its correlation with OHP was studied. Results The level of OCP and OHP in PTS high-risk population was significantly higher in cancer,coronary heart disease patients and the mid/late-stage pregnancy women than in the healthy controls (P0.05). Conclusion The OHP assay may indicate the hemostatic balance; therefore,it can be used for evaluation of PTS.

Objective To appraise therapeutic effects of tubeimoside on herpes simplex keratitis of rabbits. Methods HSV-1 (SM_(44) strain) is recovered on monolayers of BHK-21 cell cultures, then rabbit model of HSK was established after inoculation. After 0.2g/L Tu topically given, all eyes are examined by using slit-lamp-microscopy, and corneal samples were observed for ocular changes under transmission and scanning electromicroscope. (Results )Differences were significant in the three groups of corneal involvement scores. 0.2g/L Tu can obviously reduce corneal involvement area, and can also help to rehabilitate affected corneal epithelial cells. Conclusion Tu agent is able to cure experimental HSK to a certain degree, however, is less effective on HSK than acyclovir.

Objective:To evaluate the levels of interleukin 18(IL-18) mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs),livers and spleens in monkey endotoxic shock models.Methods:Cynomolgus monkeys were injected i.v. with lipopolysaccharide(LPS) (2.8 mg/kg) to prepare the endotoxic shock models. The mRNA levels of IL-18 in PBMCs,livers and spleens were tested by fluorescence semi-quantitative realtime reverse transcription(RT)-PCR and compared with that of TNF-? and IL-1?.Results:IL-18 mRNA expression in PBMCs remarkably increased at 120 min after LPS administration, so did in livers and in spleens at the same time. mRNA levels of TNF-? in PBMCs peaked at 60 min after LPS injection, and also increased markedly at 120 min in livers and spleens. IL-1? mRNA levels peaked at 60 min in PBMCs, and did not change so much in livers and in spleens.Conclusion:IL-18 mRNA expression in PBMCs can be up-regulated by LPS, but changed latterly than TNF-? and IL-1? in endotoxic shock cynomolgus monkeys. It is presumed that IL-18 can be produced by PBMCs and liver Kupffer cells(maybe splenic macrophages),and TNF-? is produced by a variety of cells, but IL-1? in bloodstream mainly come from PBMCs after LPS challenge.

Objective To report the result of analysis of 72 cases of facial cutaneous sporotrichosis. Methods Seventy-two patients were included in this study. They were diagnosed as facial cutaneous sporotrichosis according to clinical mainfestations and fungal culture. Histopathological examinations were done in some atypical cases. The patients were treated with combined antifungal agents. Results The lesion forms were varied, in which lymphangitic cutaneous form accounted for 9.72% and fixed cutaneous form accounted for 90.28% respectively. Nineteen cases (26.4%) had a history of skin trauma before the cutaneous lesions. All of the patients were successfully treated with potassium iodide and/or itraconazole, terbinafine for 6-8 weeks. Conclusions The skin lesions and mycological examination are the important evidences for the diagnosis of sporotrichosis. The main form of the facial cutaneous sporotrichosis is the fixed cutaneous form. The misdiagnosis rate is 16% in primary level clinics. Potassium iodide is an effective and inexpensive medicine in the treatment of cutaneous sporotrichosis.

Objective To investigate the pathogenicity of Alternaria alternata in ICR mice. Methods The cell suspension of Alternaria alternata was inoculated into testes and footpads of normal and immunocompromised ICR mice. H istopathologic examination and fungal culture were performed on 5th d, 7th d, 10 th d, 14th d, 21st d, 28th d, 35th d and 42nd d respectively after inoculation. Results The abscesses were developed at the inoculated sites in all normal and immunocompromised mice. The lesions in immunocompromised mice were more severe and persisted longer than those in normal mice. The abscesses in footpads mostl y disappeared within 14 days in normal mice but in 28 to 35 days in immunocompro mised mice. Alternaria alternata was isolated from the inoculated tissues in bot h groups. The histopathologic examination showed abscess and granulomas in which thick hyphae were observed. The necropsy revealed no disseminated infection of Alternaria alternate in all the test mice. Conclusion Alternaria alternata is a kind of opportunistic fungus with low virulence.