Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor,linagliptin,in subjects aged 60 years or older with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods Data from eight 24-week,multinational,multicenter,randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled,parallel-group studies were analyzed.Patients aged 60 years or older with T2DM were received oral linagliptin (5 mg/d) or placebo in combination with mefformin,or metformin plus sulfonylurea.Efficacy was assessed by the changes in glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) from baseline to 24 weeks of treatment.Safety endpoint included the frequency and intensity of adverse events.Results A total of 1 421 patients (placebo 429,linagliptin 992) were included in the full analysis set (FAS).Mean ages of the subjects were (67.4 ± 5.6) years in the linagliptin group and (66.7-± 5.6) years in the placebo group.Baseline HbA1c was (8.0 ±0.8) ％ in the linagliptin group and (8.1 ±0.9) ％ in the placebo group.At the end of 24-week,placebo-adjusted reduction in HbAlc in subjects with linagliptin was (0.7 ±0.1)％ (95％ CI 0.6-0.8,P ＜0.000 1),and placebo-adjusted reduction in FPG in subjects with linagliptin was (0.88 ±0.12) mmol/L(95％ CI 0.65-1.11,P ＜0.000 1).Overall safety and tolerability in the two groups were similar.Adverse events occurred in 57.1％ of patients in the placebo group and 61.1％ of patients in the linagliptin group,and the incidence of adverse events leading to discontinuation was 3.2％ in the placebo group and 3.8％ in the linagliptin group.Serious adverse events occurred in 1.6％ of patients in the placebo group and 2.8％ of patients in the linagliptin group.Investigator-defined hypoglycaemia occurred in 7.3％ of patients in the placebo group and 11.9％ of patients in the linagliptin group.Among them,most were mild or moderate hypoglycaemia,and severe hypoglycaemia only occurred in 0.2％ of patients in the placebo and 0.5％ in the linagliptin groups.Overall incidence of hypoglycaemia in linagliptin group was slightly higher than that in placebo group,which might be due to the fact that more patients were taking sulfonylureas in linagliptin group than in placebo group (26.8％ linagliptin;18.4％ placebo).No difference could be viewed in hypoglycaemia between the two groups in patients without sulfonylureas (1.2％ linagliptin,1.1％ placebo)Moreover,no severe hypoglycaemia was reported in subjects without sulfonylureas.The incidences of other adverse events were similar in both groups.Conclusion Linagliptin was efficacious in lowering glucose with a safety profile similar to placebo in type 2 diabetic patients aged 60 years or older.

Objective To observe the changes of the multifocal electroretinograph (mf-ERG) in commotio retinae. Methods The affected eyes (traumatic group) and the fellow eyes (control group) of 31 patients with unilateral commotio retinae were examined by RETI scan 3.15 system. The responses of 61 retinal regions were recorded, and the average amplitude densities of the N 1 (the first negative) wave and P 1 (the first positive) wave in different regions of retinal were analyzed. Results The average amplitude densities of 1-4 rings in N 1 wave and 1-5 rings in P 1 wave were much lower in traumatic group than those in the control. Conclusions The average amplitude densities of N 1 wave and P 1 wave of mf-ERG in retinal affected regions decreases markedly in eyes with commotio retina; mf-ERG may provide the quantificational and orientational detection for the visual ability of the eyes with commotio retinae.

Objectives To study the influential factors of the von Clauss method and to promote the method for fibrinogen assay in clinical laboratories in China. MethodsKits of foreign and domestic products were used. Calibration curves for fibrinogen determination were established, and calibration plasma was used for comparison. Effects of pH value, thrombin activity, and temperature on the measurement were studied.Results The reproducibility of the von Clauss method using domestic thrombin and related reagents was excellent, the within day CV being 0.039 1, and the between day CV 0.049 7. The percentage variations of calibration plasma determination, with the foreign fibrinogen assay kits using domestic reagents, were +3.17% , +4.76%, and -6.03%, respectively. Determination of a lyophilized plasma using the two sources reagents showed similar results.Conclusions Thrombin and relevant reagents produced in China could be used as a substitute for kits purchased abroad, which would promote the use of von Clauss method in clinical laboratories of China.

The present paper is aimedto investigate the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on proliferation, migration and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cell in rat cerebral cortex with global brain ischemia-reperfusion. A global brain ischemia-reperfusion model was established. Immunohistochemistry was used to observe the pathological changes and the expression of BrdU and Nestin in cerebral cortex. RT-PCR was used to measure the NSE mRNA in brain tissue. The results of measurements indicated that in sham operation group, there was no positive cell in cerebral cortex, and the content of NSE mRNA did not change. In the operation group, the expression of BrdU and Nestin increased significantly at the end of the 3rd day, and peaked on the 7th day. NSE mRNA expression did not significantly increase. In bFGF group, compared with sham operation group and model group, the number of BrdU-positive and Nestin-positive cells increased significantly at each time point (P<0. 05), and peaked at the end of the 11th day, and the content of NSE mRNA increased significantly (P<0. 05). This research demonstrated that the proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells in situ could be induced by global cerebral ischemia and reperfu- sion, and could be promoted and extended by bFGF. In additiion, bFGF might promote endogenous neural stem cells differentiated into neurons.
Animals ; Brain Ischemia ; pathology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Movement ; Cell Proliferation ; Cerebral Cortex ; cytology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 ; pharmacology ; Nestin ; metabolism ; Neural Stem Cells ; drug effects ; Rats ; Reperfusion Injury

Objective:To study the craniofacial characters of non-surgical treatment of the female patients with bimaxillary protrusion in northeastern region of China.Methods:80 patients with bimaxillary protrusion in northeastern region of China received orthodontic treatment were divided into two groups,the ANB angles of the first group were no more than 4.7?,the second one exceeds 4.7?.Cephalograms were analyzed in all the subjects.Compared with the normals in Beijing.Results: Most of the female patients with bimaxillary protrusion had shorter anterior cranial bases,longer posterior cranial bases,longer and more prognathic maxillas,longer mandible lengths,higher anterior and anterior upper facial heights,obvious procumbency,thicker mental thickness,procumbent soft tissue profile with a low lip line.Different groups had the features as follows:the main abnormal factors were the maxilla in sagittal aspect of the first group.They had the suitable facial planes.The second group's abnormal factors were the mandible,they had the divergent facial plane.Conclusion:The non-surgical treatment′s patients of bimaxillary protrusion have unique character.The results suggest it is of critical importance to adjust the position of jaws to benefit the improvement of facial features.

Objective To study the effect of combining loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) and recombinant human interferon α2b (rhIFNα-2b) suppository in treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).Methods Prospective,random and control study was conducted in 82 patients with CINⅠ-CINⅢ.Before canting out LEEP to these patients,all women were performed HPV DNA detection by the method of Hybri Max.Among these patients,41 patients were assigned to the studying group,in which the patients were given rhIFNα-2b suppository for three courses of treatment after LEEP.The other 41 patients who carried out LEEP simply were assigned to the control group.Liquid-based ThinPrep cytology test (TCT) and HPV DNA were examined in the sixth and twelfth month after treatment.Results In the studying group,the cure rate was 90.2％ when LEEP ended six months,and the cure rate was 100.0％ when LEEP ended twelve months.In the control group,the cure rate was 43.9％ when LEEP ended six months,and the cure rate was 61.0％ when LEEP ended twelve months.In the sixth and twelfth month after LEEP,the difference was significant when we compared the cure rate between the two groups (x2 =19.93,19.89,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The clinical effect of combining LEEP and rhIFNα-2b suppository is better than LEEP in treatment of CIN.The method can remove or destroy the cervical lesions effectively and inhibit HPV replication and spread of HPV infection.

Objective To study the effect of tanshinone ⅡA on the expression of P-selectin and ICAM-1 after cerebral ischemia reperfusion (I/R)injury in rats. Methods Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: Sham operated group, I/R group, low dose Tan ⅡA treated group and high dose Tan ⅡA treated group. The focal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was made by suture-occluded method. Rats were pretreated with Tan ⅡA, ig for 3d,respectively before MCAO. After 90min MCAO following 24 hours of reperfusion, the expression of P-selectin and ICAM-1 was detected with using immunohistochemistry method. Result Compared with sham operated group, the expression of P-selectin and ICAM-1 increased after reperfusion for 24 hours in the ischemic territory(all P＜0.01).Compared with I/R group, the expression of P-selectin and ICAM-1 decreased in a dose dependent manner in low and high dose Tan ⅡA treated group(P＜0.01).Compared with that of I/R group, cerebral infarction volume was decreased in a dose dependent manner in low dose Tan ⅡA treated group and high dose Tan ⅡA treated group(all P＜0.01).The change of ischemic impairment in low or high dose Tan ⅡA treated group was less than that in IR group, and the change of ischemic impairment in high dose Tan ⅡA treated group was less than that in low dose Tan ⅡA treated group. Conclusion Tan ⅡA may reduce cerebral ischemia-reperfusion inflammation injure by decreasing the expression of p-selectin and ICAM-1.Tan ⅡA plays protective effect on cerebral ischemia injury, especially when high dose of Tan ⅡA(30mg/kg)was used.

Objective To compare the effectiveness and safety of central venous catheters inserted from the left side and right side during peripheral inserted central catheterizations (PICC). Methods Totally 458 adult patients undergoing PICC between May 2007 and May 2008 were enrolled in this study and divided randomly into right-sided group (n = 228)and left-slded group (n = 230). Chest X-ray was performed immediately after catheterization to identify the initial tip locations. Other parameters were evaluated during follow-up. Results The rate of difficult insertion was significantly lower in right-sided group than in left-sided group (14.9% vs 24. 8% , P =0.003). The rate of tip projection angle ＞40°was also significantly lower in right-sided group (2.2% vs 23.4% ,P = 0. 000). The rate of tips reaching the central veins was not significantly different between two groups (54.4%vs 53.0% , P = 0. 538). Compared with right-sided catheters, the tip positions in the left-sided group was significantly less frequently located in the inferior segment of superior vena cave in the central tip locations (6. 6% vs 21.0% , P =0. 001)and more commonly positioned in the nominate vein in non-central tip locations (66. 7% vs 48.1% , P = 0. 008). In addition, the catheter detaining time (P = 0. 617), incidence of local phlebitis after puncture (P = 0. 561), catheter obstruction rate (P = 0. 774), and catheter-related infection rate (P = 0. 854)showed no significant differences between two groups. The incidence of swollen limb was significantly lower inright-sided group than in left-sided group (4. 4% vs 8.3%, P = 0. 043). Conclusions Right-sided catheters provide better outcomes than left-sided catheters. PICC through the right elbow veins should be preferred in clinical practices.

In order to realize standardization and automatization,it necessary to develop a device for B→O blood conversion.This paper emphasizes on the control system of B→O blood conversion device,including software and hardware design,which provides a safe and rapid method for B→O blood conversion.