Objective To develop the formulation of self-microemulsifying drug delivery system for hawthorn leaves flavonoids (HAW-SMEDDS). Methods The optimum formulations of oil phase, surfactant, and assistant surfactant for HAW-SMEDDS were screened by solubility test, compatibility test, and pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, with the time of formulating microemulsion, the consequence of visual examination, and particle size as indexes. The dissolution of HAW-SMEDDS was measured, taking the commercial tablet Yixintong Tablet as reference. Results The optimum self-microemulsifying drug delivery system was composed of Labrasol (35%), Transcutol P (10%). The particle diameter was (39.5?5.4) nm, the time of self-microemulsifying was less than 1 min. The percent of accumulated dissolution of hawthorn leaves flavonoids in SMEDDS in distilled water was up to 70% at 10 min, while that in the Yixintong Tablet was less than 50% at 60 min. Conclusion The formulation of HAW-SMEDDS preparation could meet the request of the design. It could provide the reference for the new dosage form.

Objective To research the nutritive condition and establish prediction model of chlorophyll-a(Chla) in a surface water source of Zhengzhou, China. Methods The water temperature(WT), Secchi-depth(SD), chemical oxygen demand(CODMn), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), Chla were determined in two sampling sites of the water source by standardized methods from Mar, 2004 to Oct, 2004. Nutritive condition of the water source was analyzed by trophic level index(?)[TLI(?)]. The influence of some environmental factors on Chla was analyzed by correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression. Chla was predicted by establishing a stepwise multiple regression equation. Results In the spring, summer and autumn, nutritive condition of the water source was from the maximum of mesotropher, the maximum of light eutropher to the minimum of middle eutropher. A positive correlations were found between the standardized Chla and WT, CODMn, TP. A negative correlation was found between the standardized Chla and SD. The equation was ln(CChla+1)=-0.114+0.083 48 WT+6.874 TP+0.193 CODMn(R2=0.900, F=62.674, P

0.05; the holding vs neutral position, the disaster side and the healthy side all had significant difference,P0.05.This showed that the capability of stability of a-c joint were good. The Roentgenograms of shoulder elevation position raise showed that there was no impact in the a-c joint.[Conclusion]The results of small incision Dewar's operation is good in treating instability distal clavicular fracture.It has the advantages of minimally invasive,easy operation and fixation.

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of small-incision Dewar's operation for acute acromioclavicular dislocation.Methods Without exposing the a-c joint,the coracoid tip with tendon were transferred to the clavicle to reconstruct the coracoclavicular ligaments.And then the a-c joint was statically fixed and dynamically replaced.Results A 1-to 9-year follow-up(mean,4.9 years)was available in 52 patients.According to the Lazzcano Criteria,44 cases had excellent and 7 cases had good results,only one was failed because of bolt prematurity at 2 month after the operation.Roentgenogram,CT,and MRI showed that the surface of the acromioclavicular joint was smooth,no arthritic sign of cirrhosis,hyperplasia,or theca.The signal of the a-c joint was uniform.The Roentgenograms showed that,at the neutrality position,the distal end of the clavicle of the injured side was higher than that of the healthy side.The D/W of the healthy side was 0.432?0.101,which was significantly higher than that in the injured side(0.523?0.083,t=2.188,P=0.042).The difference between the neutrality and hold of the healthy side was 0.116?0.025,while that of the injured side was 0.087?0.016(t=1.114,P=0.280).The Roentgenograms of the raise position showed no impact in the a-c joint.Conclusions Small incision Dewar's operation is an effective,safe,and minimally invasive method for the treatment of acute acromioclavicular dislocation.

Objective To enhance the understanding of chest primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) and improve the results of management. Methods The results of 10 cases of chest PNET, which had been surgically treated and pathologically confirmed from 1999 to 2004 were retrospectively analyzed. Results There were 6 intrathoracic tumors, 2 in the chest wall, 1 in the pericardium, and 1 in the posterior mediastinum. Two intrathoracic tumors were completely resected, 2 partially resected, tumor and the involved lung were removed in 2 cases. Two had tumor with the affected ribs removed and the chest wall reconstructed. Tumor and the invaded pericardium were removed in 1 case. The PNET in the posterior mediastinum, invading into spinal canal as a bell tumor, was excised by the thoracic surgeon cooperating with neurosurgeon. There was no hospitalization death. All the specimens demonstrated positive reaction to CD99 and negative to LCA. 4 cases received postoperatively adjuvant chemotherapy, 4 radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the other 2 cases had none adjuvant therapy. 7 patients died during 6 years of follow-up, with 9 to 27 months survival. 3 patients are alive and have over 12 months survival so far. Conclusion PNET is an aggressive and invasive malignant tumor with poor prognosis. Difficulties exist in diagnosis. Besides common microscopic examination, pathological histology and immunochemistry, even electron microscopic examination may be required in differential diagnosis. Complete removal of tumor and involved tissue plays an important role, postoperative adjuvant therapy, including radiotherapy or combination with chemotherapy, may prolong survival. Modalities that are more effective should be developed to improve the treatment results.

Objective To investigate the feasibility and superiority of the lecture based learning (LBL)combined problem-based learning (PBL)for endocrinology teaching practice. Methods Totally 150 clinic medical undergraduates were randomly divided into three groups:LBL group (n=50),PBL group (n=50)and LBL+PBL group (n=50). Questionnaires,written and oral tests were employed to evaluate the teaching effect. ANOVA was used to compare the indicator scores and chi-square test was used to compare grades and passing rate. Results Teaching efficiency,mater of knowledge,capabilities of analysis,teaming and collaboration ability and medical diagnosis thinking cultivation were better in LBL and PBL group than in the other two groups. There were statistical differences in total score(F=4.69, P=0.010)and passing rate(χ2=8.94,P=0.030)among three groups. Conclusions LBL+PBL guarantee the teaching quality and cultivate the comprehensive quality of students; therefore it is superior to LBL and PBL.

Objective To examine the expression of tight junction protein claudin-5 in blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) after spinal cord injury about rat. Methods One hundred-twenty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into blank group (60) and injured group (60). The animal model of spinal cord injury was established using modified Allen method. The expression of claudin-5 in BSCB was examined at 6 h, 12 h, 1 d, 3 d, 5 d and 7 d (five rats per time point). Western blot and RT_PCR were used to detect protein and mRNA expression levels of claudin-5, respectively. Results The success rate of spinal cord injury molding was 81.7%. In injured group, EB content increased gradually over time, reached the peak at the third day(0.9435 ± 0.0813)μg/g and then reduced gradually (P<0.05), EB content was signifi-cantly higher in injured group than in blank group. Claudin-5 mRNA expression in injured group reduced gradually over time and reached the lowest point at the third day(2.871 ± 0.527)and then increased gradually(P<0.05). Claudin-5 mRNA expression was significantly lower in injured group than in blank group(P<0.05). Claudin-5 protein expression in injured group reduced gradually over time, reached the lowest at the third day(0.072 ±0.008)and then increased gradually (P<0.05). Claudin- 5 protein expression was significantly lower in injured group than in blank group(P<0.05). Con-clusions The alteration of claudin-5 expression after SCI may lead to the permeability of BSCB, which may in turn con-tribute to the secondary spinal cord injury.

Objective To explore the role of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the differentiation between benign and malignant bone tumors. Methods Echo planar imaging DWI was performed in 18 patients with benign tumor or tumorous lesion and 26 patients with malignant tumor of bone. Three b-values (0, 500 and 1000 s/mm2) were applied. The lowest, highest, and whole ADC values were measured for each lesion, respectively. Results The lowest ADC values of benign bone tumor[ mean( 1.28±0. 49) ×10-3mm2/s ] were significantly higher than that of malignant tumor [ mean ( 0. 92±0. 35 )×10-3mm2/s, t = 2. 839, P < 0. 01 ]. The whole ADC values of benign bone tumor [ mean (1.62±0. 51 ) ×10-3mm2/s] were significantly higher than that of malignant tumor [ mean ( 1.21±0. 36) ×10-3mm2/s, t = 3. 092, P < 0. 01 ]. However, there were much overlapping between benign and malignant bone tumor in the lowest and whole ADC values. There was no significant difference for the highest ADC values between benign [. Mean ( 2. 02±0. 55 )×10-3mm2/s] and malignant bone tumor[ mean( 1.71±0. 65 ) ×10-3mm2/s, t = 1. 669, P > 0. 05 ]. Excluding cases of bone cyst and aneurismal bone cyst, the lowest, highest, and whole ADC values of benign bone tumor was (1.11± 0. 31 )×10-3mm2/s, ( 1.88±0. 49)×10-3mm2/s, and( 1.45±0. 35 )×10-3mm2/s, respectively. There was no significant difference for the lowest, highest, or whole ADC values between benign and malignant bone tumor (t = 1. 728, 0. 964, and 2. 012, respectively, P > 0. 05). Conclusion ADC value is useless for the differentiation between benign and malignant bone tumors.

Objective To sum up the experience for the treatment of splenic trauma. Methods Data of 129 cases of traumatic splenic rupture from 1984 to 2004 were retrospectively analyzed. Results Conservative management was undertaken in 17 cases, splenorrhaphy in 16 cases, total splenectomy in 86 cases, partial splenectomy in 8 cases, and splenic autotransplantation in 23 cases. The results were all satisfactory. Conclusion In splenic trauma, treatment modality should be on adopted case to case basis according to the types of splenic rupture. Combined splenic salvage can be used on certain conditions.

Objective To explore the folate receptor mediated (FRD) check and multi-function acetic acid white solution liquid based cervical cytology (TCT) application value in cervical cancer screening.Methods A total of 602 cases of patients was tested with FRD multi-function acetic acid white solution check,and TCT and cervical biopsy pathology examination.With the used of histopathological results as the gold standard,FRD multi-function acetic acid white analysis was compared with the TCT screening inspection results.Results For a total 602 patients with TCT screening,the positive rate was 21.8％ (131/602),including 36 cases of CIN Ⅰ level,41 cases of CIN Ⅱ level,24 cases of CIN Ⅲ level,and 30 cases of cervical invasive carcinoma.For the FRD multifunction white acetate solution screening,its positive rate was 23.8％ (143/602).No statistically significant difference was found between TCT and FRD screening (P ＞ 0.05).The missed diagnosis rate of FRD multi-function white acetate solution screening was 2.6％ in inflammation,and 21.1％ in cervical invasive cancer,and 3.8 ％ in CIN.The missed diagnosis rate of TCT screening was 7.2％ in inflammation,5.3％ in CIN Ⅰ,4.9％ in CIN Ⅱ,and 58.6％ in CIN Ⅲ]; whereas,its detection coincidence rate was 100％ in squamous cells carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC).FRD multi-function acetic acid white solution screening had a sensitivity 80.92％,specificity 92.14％,positive predictive value 74.13％,and negative predictive value 95.59％.TCT examination had a sensitivity 90.84％,specificity 90.23％,positive predictive value 72.12％,and negative predictive value 97.25％.No significant difference was found between FRD and TCT methods (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions FRD and TCT methods were both efficient in screening and evaluation for cervical lesions and cervical cancer.Because FRD method is limited in the deep tube for examination of cervical lesions; it cannot completely replace the TCT examination.However,FRD method is reliable,economic,and simple operation; it is suitable for primary hospitals census of cervical cancer