With the development of the population aging and the shifting of medical paradigm,as well as the deeply expansion of community health services,the importance of general medicine has become more and more evident.This paper describes the development history of general medicine and general medical education at home and abroad,analyzes the main problems of general medical education in China.By studying the characteristics of different models,we provided the basis of literature for the related policies.

Objective To explore the relationship between humor style and attribution style.Methods A total of 193 college students were studied by means of cluster random sampling with the Students Humor Style Questionnaire and the Multidimensional Multiattributional Causality Scale.Results (1) Self-enhancing humor had positive correlation with internal control,controllability and stability(r =0.293,0.308,0.172; P＜ 0.01).Affiliative humor had no positive correlation with attribution style.Aggressive humor and self-defeating humor had positive correlation with internal control (r =0.146,0.167 ; P ＜ 0.01),external control (r =0.402,0.339 ; P ＜0.01),stability(r=0.286,0.306 ; P＜0.01) and instability(r =0.296,0.227; P ＜ 0.01).(2) Self-enhancing humor could predict internal control and controllability significantly;and aggressive humor and self-defeating humor has significantly positive prediction to stability,instability,internal control and external control.Conclusion Humor style has significant correlation with attribution style.Humor style can predict attribution style in some degree.

Vascular endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC) are target and effecter cells of inflammation, and they play an important role in inflammatory responses. The abnormal structure and function of EC and SMC play a significant role in microcirculation disturbance in septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction. This review was meant to discuss the changes in structure and function of EC and SMC and their bidirectional regulation. The cellular linkage of EC and SMC is essential for the interactions between them, and it contributes to the course of sepsis. Paracrine and autocrine as produced by EC and SMC constitute a network for mutual adjustment. Replication of the interaction between EC and SMC facilitates the potential to support hemodynamics, tissue perfusion and cellular metabolism, thereby lower the mortality rate of sepsis. However, the detailed and specific mechanisms remain to be disclosed.

Objective To explore the characteristics of narcissism in a sample of violent criminal and analyze the relationship between narcissism and impulsive-premeditated violent aggression.Methods A total of 88 violent criminal were administered by means of cluster random sampling with the Chinese version of the Impulsivepremeditated Aggression Scale and the Narcissistic Personality Questionnaire.Results (1) Comparing with the impulsive violent criminal,premeditated violent criminal had higher level of Overt narcissism,and the difference was statistically significant(59.77±10.89,54.67±10.15; P＜0.05).(2) Overt narcissism had significantly positive correlation with premeditated aggression(r=0.560; P＜0.01) ;and covert narcissism had significantly positive correlation with impulsive aggression(r=0.440; P＜0.01).(3)The authority and self-admiration traits of overt narcissism had significantly positive prediction to premeditated aggression(β=0.442,P＜0.01;β=0.297,P＜0.05);The vulnerability trait of covert narcissism has significantly positive prediction to impulsive aggression(β=0.526,P＜0.01).Conclusion Overt narcissism can result in premeditated aggression;Covert narcissism can result in impulsive aggression.

To explore the clinical features and common complications of fast resting heart rate (RHR) in hypertensionpatients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the entire rest electrocardiogram data of Qingdao study 2000 and Xinyang study2005 in community population elder than 18 years including hypertension patients and non-hypertension subjects. Clinical complications as diabetes, coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia and stroke, laboratory findings, RHR in ECG, body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio and office blood pressure were collected in all participants. Results: A total of 18183 participants were enrolled including 61.6% male, the average age was (45.2±12.7) years including 6763 hypertension patients. Compared with normal BP subjects, hypertension patients had the faster RHR (73.5±11.6) times/min vs (70.6±9.6) times/min, P<0.001 and more hypertension patients combining fast RHR (14.5% vs 6.4%), P<0.001. In hypertension patients, compared with normal RHR patients, fast RHR patients had the elder age (53.9±12.2) years vs (51.8±11.2) years, lower BMI (25.8±3.6) kg/m2 vs (26.4±3.4) kg/m2 and higher ratio of grade 3 hypertension (68.2%vs 59.0%), all P<0.001; higher levels of fasting blood glucose (6.0±2.4) mmol/L vs (5.6±1.5) mmol/L and triglyceride (2.0±1.8) mmol/L vs (1.7±1.3) mmol/L, both P<0.001, higher LDL-C (3.2±0.9) mmol/L vs (3.1±0.8) mmol/L, P=0.001;more patients with diabetes (6.6% vs 3.9%), P=0.007 and stroke (11.1% vs 8.3%), P=0.005. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that with adjusted traditional risk factors, fast RHR was positively related to stroke occurrence in hypertension patients (OR=1.306, 95% CI 1.021-1.671). Conclusion: Fast RHR happened more in hypertension patients than in normal BP subjects; it had the increased risk for stroke occurrence in hypertension patients.

Objective To investigate the suppressive effect of exogenous carbon monoxide (CO) on abnormal platelet exocytosis and its possible molecular mechanism. Methods Venous blood was collected from healthy volunteers. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was isolated from the blood by differential centrifugation. The PRP was randomly divided into five groups by random number table, namely normal control group, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group (challenged with 10 mg/L LPS), inactively exogenous carbon monoxide releasing molecule 2 (iCORM-2) group (given 10 mg/L LPS + 50 μmol/L iCORM-2 for intervention), exogenous carbon monoxide releasing molecule 2 (CORM-2) 10 μmol/L and 50 μmol/L groups (given 10 mg/L LPS + CORM-2 10 μmol/L or 50 μmol/L for intervention). After 30 minutes, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2). Chemical fluorescein method was used to determine the platelet adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Flow cytometer was used to determine the expression of P-selectin. The expressions of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), phosphorylation of protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ) and syntaxin binding protein 1 (STXBP-1) were determined by Western Bolt. The soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) complex formation [syntaxin 2-synaptosomal-associated protein 23-vesicle associated membrane protein 8 (STX2-SNAP23-VAMP8)] mediated by STXBP-1 was determined by immunoprecipitation. Results ① Compared with normal control group, the platelet release of PDGF-BB, MMP-2 and ATP was significantly increased after LPS challenge, and the P-selectin expression of platelet was also obviously up-regulated [PDGF-BB (μg/L): 127.53±1.78 vs. 94.35±5.84, MMP-2 (ng/L): 51.87±9.20 vs. 35.83±3.17, ATP (μmol/L): 1.288±0.056 vs. 0.975±0.010, P-selectin: (3.93±0.19)% vs. (0.44±0.10)%, all P < 0.05]. The increases in platelet release of PDGF-BB, MMP-2 and ATP were suppressed by 10 μmol/L or 50 μmol/L CORM-2 administration, as well as high-expression of P-selectin in a dose-dependent manner [PDGF-BB (μg/L): 114.68±1.35, 97.08±6.14 vs. 127.53±1.78, MMP-2 (ng/L): 32.67±8.00, 24.63±1.63 vs. 51.87±9.20, ATP (μmol/L): 0.999±0.015, 0.965±0.008 vs. 1.288±0.056, P-selectin: (1.95±0.27)%, (0.94±0.11)% vs. (3.93±0.19)%, all P < 0.05]. ② Compared with normal control group, LPS challenge resulted in a significant increase in the expression of TLR4 and the phosphorylation of PKCθ and STXBP-1 [TLR4 (gray value): 1.21±0.38 vs. 0.67±0.06, p-PKCθ (gray value): 1.36±0.20 vs. 0.44±0.03, p-STXBP-1 (gray value): 1.13±0.06 vs. 0.59±0.04, all P < 0.05]. The increases in above parameters were suppressed by 10 μmol/L or 50 μmol/L CORM-2 administration in a dose-dependent manner [TLR4 (gray value): 0.76±0.05, 0.65±0.04 vs. 1.21±0.38; p-PKCθ (gray value): 0.71±0.07, 0.47±0.10 vs. 1.36±0.20; p-STXBP-1 (gray value): 0.56±0.02, 0.48±0.01 vs. 1.13±0.06, all P < 0.05]. ③ Compared with normal control group, the SNAREs proteins in platelet that combined with STXBP-1, including STX2, SNAP23 and VAMP8, were obviously increased after LPS challenge [STX2 (gray value): 1.35±0.06 vs. 0.57±0.04, SNAP23 (gray value): 0.97±0.04 vs. 0.30±0.12, VAMP8 (gray value): 1.37±0.12 vs. 0.77±0.10, all P < 0.05]. The increases in SNAREs complex formation were suppressed by 10 μmol/L or 50 μmol/L CORM-2 administration in a dose-dependent manner [STX2 (gray value): 0.77±0.02, 0.39±0.03 vs. 1.35±0.06, SNAP23 (gray value): 0.41±0.03, 0.22±0.08 vs. 0.97±0.04, VAMP8 (gray value): 0.85±0.07, 0.66±0.07 vs. 1.37±0.12, all P < 0.05]. There was no significant difference in the above mentioned parameters between iCORM-2 group and LPS group. Conclusions LPS-induced abnormal secretion of platelet was suppressed by CORM-2 administration. The mechanism may involve the TLR4/PKCθ/STXBP-1 signaling pathway activation and the SNAREs complex formation.

Objective:To investigate the knowledge level of hospice care and the related influencing factors among health providers in Shanghai.Methods:From November to December 2019,a questionnaire survey on the hospice care knowledge was conducted among 7 074 health providers from 223 registered hospice care clinics or institutions in 16 districts of Shanghai.Results:A total of 7 027 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 99.3%. Among the 7 027 responders, there were 1 460 males (20.8%) and 5 567 females (79.2%) with an mean age of (36.9±9.3) years; 2 682 nurses (38.2%) and 2 442 doctors (34.8%); 5 065 (72.1%) from community health service centers; 2 982 (42.4%) involving in hospice care services and 4 039 (57.5%) willing to work in hospice care. The average score of hospice care knowledge was (8.9±2.6), and the average accuracy for questions was 59.0%. Health providers had the highest awareness rate for the composition of hospice care professional team (93.9%, 6 597/7 027) and the lowest awareness rate for the emotional commitment in hospice care service (16.6%, 1 165/7 027). Health providers with junior colleges degree ( B=-0.429), vocational college degree and below ( B=-0.544), nurses ( B=-0.652), working in suburban areas ( B=-0.278), social office ( B=-0.891), without witness of dying process of end-of-life patients ( B=-0.329), not involving in hospice care services ( B=-0.283), and not willing to participating in hospice care ( B=-0.820) had low knowledge scores ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The overall level of hospice care knowledge of health providers in Shanghai is generally at a medium level, and the training of hospice care knowledge should be strengthened for the better development of hospice care.

Objective:To investigate the attitude of health providers towards hospice care in Shanghai,and analyze the related influencing factors.Methods:From November to December 2019,a questionnaire survey on the attitude towards hospice care was conducted among 7 074 health providers from 223 medical institutions in 16 districts of Shanghai.Results:A total of 7 027 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 99.3%. The total score of attitude to hospice care was (91.9±11.6),the average score of items was (3.7±0.5). The highest score rate was "perception of the benefits for the quality of life promotion" (87.08%),and the lowest score rate was "perception of the threats from the worsening conditions of advanced patients" (60.88%).Health providers who were doctors ( B=-1.207), nurses ( B=-0.912), those without witness of dying or end-of-life patients ( B=-1.417), those without involving in hospice care services ( B=-1.203), and not willing to participating in hospice care ( B=-7.849) had lower attitude scores (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The survey indicates that health providers in Shanghai have a positive attitude towards hospice care,but the initiative to engage in hospice care service is not high. It is necessary to conduct targeted training of relevant professional knowledge to enhance the attitude and enthusiasm to hospice care among health providers.

Purpose To compare the CTPA image quality by using contrast agent with different concentration at different injection rate so as to provide suitable contrast agent injection for patients.Materials and Methods A total of 346 patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism who required to undergo CTPA examination were randomly assigned to high (370 mgI/ml) and low (320 mgI/ml) concentration groups,and each group was further divided into six subgroups with different velocity (3.0,3.2,3.4,3.6,3.8 and 4.0 ml/s).The CT value of the main pulmonary artery,right pulmonary upper lobe artery and right lung under leaf posterior basal segmental artery was measured.Results In the high concentration group,there were no significant differences in pulmonary artery average CT value,noise,single to noise ratio (SNR) and contrast to noise ratio (CNR) among the subgroups with different velocity (P＞0.05).In the low concentration group,the difference was not statistically significant in pulmonary artery average CT value (P＞0.05) among the subgroups with different velocity;however,the noise,SNR and CNR of 3.0 ml/s subgroup had significant differences compared with other subgroups (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in average CT value of pulmonary artery between the subgroups with the same velocity in the two concentration groups (P＞0.05).In addition,except that the noise,SNR and CNR of 3.0 ml/s subgroup showed significant differences with other subgroups either in high concentration group or in low concentration group (P＜0.05),there were no significant differences in the above-mentioned parameters among other subgroups with the same velocity in both groups (P＞0.05).Conclusion Compared with high concentration contrast agent,the image obtained by using low concentration contrast agent shows no difference in pulmonary artery average CT value but with low iodine flow and iodine flow rate,which can reduce the risks of contrast media induced nephropathy (CIN) and contrast agent extravasation.

Desensitization and acute tolerance are terms used to describe the attenuation of receptor responsiveness by prolonged or intermittent exposure to an agonist. Unlike desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which is commonly explained by steric hindrance caused by the β-arrestins that are translocated to the activated receptors, molecular mechanisms involved in the acute tolerance of GPCRs remain unclear. Our studies with several GPCRs and related mutants showed that the acute tolerance of GPCRs could occur independently of agonist-induced β-arrestin translocation. A series of co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed a correlation between receptor tolerance and interactions among receptors, β-arrestin2, and Gβγ. Gβγ displayed a stable interaction with receptors and β-arrestin2 in cells expressing GPCRs that were prone to undergo tolerance compared to the GPCRs that were resistant to acute tolerance. Strengthening the interaction between Gβγ and β-arrestin rendered the GPCRs to acquire the tendency of acute tolerance. Overall, stable interaction between the receptor and Gβγ complex is required for the formation of a complex with β-arrestin, and determines the potential of a particular GPCR to undergo acute tolerance. Rather than turning off the signal, β-arrestins seem to contribute on continuous signaling when they are in the context of complex with receptor and Gβγ.
Immunoprecipitation ; Receptors, Dopamine D3