Pancreatic cancer often has an insidious onset and difficulties in treatment,with various limitations in early diagnosis and treatment.This article reviews the application of Mendelian randomization(MR)in exploring the risk factors for pancreatic cancer,with a special focus on the causal relationships of factors such as gut microbiota,lifestyle,and metabolic diseases.Leveraging data from large-scale genome-wide association studies(GWAS),MR analysis has revealed several biomarkers associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer.The two-sample MR approach is commonly used in current research,including the methods such as Inverse Variance Weighted,Weighted Median,and MR-Egger,which helps to explain the causal network of the disease from a genetic perspective.While MR strategy provides a new perspective for understanding the etiology of pancreatic cancer,caution is still needed in data synthesis,selection of instrumental variables,and pleiotropy assessment.The use of emerging analytical models such as BWMR,CAUSE,and MVMR offers new possibilities for the comprehensive evaluation of multiple risk factors and their interaction.In the future,with the combination of these methods and the ever-increasing genetic epidemiological data,MR analysis is expected to provide more solid evidence for identifying potential therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer and formulating prevention strategies.

Objective:To investigate the clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of primary mucosal CD30-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (pmCD30 +TLPD). Methods:Eight cases of pmCD30 +TLPD diagnosed from 2013 to 2023 at the Department of Pathology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University and Beijing Ludaopei Hospital were retrospectively collected. The immunophenotype, EBV infection status and T-cell receptor (TCR) clonability of tumor cells were examined. The clinicopathological features were analyzed and related literatures were reviewed. Results:There were 5 females and 3 males, aged 28 to 73 years, without B symptoms, lack of trauma and autoimmune diseases. Seven cases occurred in oral mucosa and one in anal canal mucosa. Submucosal nodules with ulcerations were presented in all cases except one, which only submucosal nodule. Morphologically, there was different distribution of allotypic lymphocytes in inflammatory background. Four cases showed “kidney-shaped”, “embryonic” and “horseshoe-shaped” cells, and one case resembled Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg (HRS) cells. Allotypic lymphocytes expressed CD3 (7/8), CD4+/CD8-(7/8) and CD4-/CD8-(1/8). CD30 was uniformly strongly positive while ALK and CD56 were negative. In situ hybridization of EBER was negative in five cases (5/5). Clonal TCR gene rearrangement was positive in two cases. Four patients did not receive radiotherapy or chemotherapy. All the seven patients survived without disease except one died due to concurrent leukopenia.Conclusions:pmCD30 +TLPD had a broad morphological spectrum and could be easily confused with primary cutaneous CD30 +TLPD and systemic ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma involving mucosa, which may lead to misdiagnosis. Although the majority of the cases had a favorable prognosis, a few cases relapsed or progressed to lymphoma.

Alzheimer disease(AD),commonly known as senile dementia,is the most common type of dementia,resulting in progressive impairment of cognitive function,and is often accompanied by a variety of psychiatric symptoms,such as agitation.Agitated symptoms in AD patients often cause an increasing burden on caregivers,and current psychiatric medications may exacerbate adverse effects such as cognitive impairment and motor retardation in patients.Therefore,non-drug intervention is a very important adjuvant treatment option.This article reviews the clinical manifestations,possible mechanisms,drug therapy and non-drug intervention measures of agitation in order to provide reference for more effective treatment of AD.

Objective To survey the prevalence of greenhouse farmer's lung and related risk factors in part of rural areas of Liaoning Province.Methods Using uniform scheme,procedures and questionnaire,a survey for 5420 farmers(2660 men and 2760 women)with complete data who work inside greenhouses was performed in Shenyang,Xinmin,Chaoyang,and Jinzhou between August 2006 and June 2009.Pulmonary function tests was performed for every active farmer.Results Greenhouse farmer's lung was diagnosed in 308 cases,205 men(66.55%,205/308)and 103 women(33.44%,103/308),a prevalence of 5.7%(308/5420).The prevalence rate of greenhouse farmer's lung in males was significantly higher than that in females(?2=39.93,P0.05).In the 308 cases,the number of patiernts presented with fever chill,cough/sputum,chest tightness/shortness of breath were 180(58.44%),192(62.34%),160(51.95%)respectively,and the number of crepitations,radiological changes,spirometry abnormalities and serum IgE antibodies(+)was 164(53.25%),153(49.68%),147(47.73%)and 136(44.16%)at the time of the study.62.34%(192/308)of patients with greenhouse farmer's lung were mild and 38.66%(116/308)were severe.Conclusion The total prevalence rate of greenhouse farmer's lung in part of rural areas of Liaoning Province was 5.7% and multiple risk factors were associated with the disease.