A series of reforms on the teaching of analytical chemistry experiment has been carried out in accordance with the characteristics of medicine examination and the actuality,which includes the content of course,the teaching method,and the inspection method.Good results have been achieved in the aspect of development of students' comprehensive quality and practical ability.

Objective To study the employment of noninvasive ventilation with nasopharyngeai airway in coma patients with cerebral stroke.Methods One hundred and fifty-five stroke patients treated with noninvasive ventilation admitted from May 2011 to May 2013 were studied.There were 88 male and 67 female,aged 30-95 years with mean age 73 years,The patients suffered from stroke with APACHE Ⅱ score 5-13 and Glasgow coma score 7-13.There were 78 cases in the nasopharyngeal airway group,and 77 cases in oropharyngeal airway group as control.SBP,DBP,HR,SpO2 and PCO2 were observed in the two groups at the time of beginning of noninvasive ventilation with neither airway (T0),and after placement of either airway and noninvasive ventilation for 10 min (T10),20min (T20),and 30 min (T30),respectively.The differences in rate of endotracheal intubation and the incidence of pulmonary infection were compared between the two groups.Results PaO2,SBP,PCO2 were improved after 30 minutes of noninvasive ventilation in the oropharyngeal airway group,and SBP DBP,HR decreased which were associated with improved respiration,less stress response,and then good blood circulation system.The better improvement of respiration was observed in nasopharyngeal airway group after 30 minutes of noninvasive ventilation.More improvements in PaO2,PCO2,SBP,DBP,HR were observed 30 minutes after noninvasive ventilation with nasopharyngeal airway compared with control group (P ＜ 0.05).The endotracheal intubation was used in 31 cases (40.3％) in the oropharyngeal airway group,and among them,19 cases (24.7％) suffered pulmonary infection.But there were 15 cases (19.2％) with endotracheal intubation in the nasopharyngeal airway group and 11 cases (14.1％) with pulmonary infection.The length of ICU stay,incidence of endotracheal intubation,and rate of pulmonary infection were lower in nasopharyngeal airway group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The nasopharyngeal airway used in noninvasive ventilation can effectively ameliorate ventilation dysfunction in stroke patients,correct hypoxia and lessen accumulation of carbon dioxide,also reduce the pulmonary infection and the rate of endotracheal intubation.Nasopharyngeal airway used in noninvasive ventilation is a effective modality to solve upper airway obstruction and offer effective ventilation in stroke patients.

Objective To evaluate the effects of treatment with different fluids on systemic inflammatory response in newborn rabbits with septic shock. Methods One hundred New Zealand white rabbits (3-5 days, 45-70 kg) were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 20 each):group Ⅰ sham operation (group S); group Ⅱ sepsis (group CLP); group Ⅲ lactated Ringer's solution (group R); group Ⅳ 6% HES (group HES) and group V (group R+ HES). The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal ketamine and midazolam. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The animals in group R and HES received lactated Ringer's solution and 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 30 ml/kg infused iv over 1 h respectively immediately after CLP,while group R+ HES received Ringer's solution 20 ml/kg and 6% HES 10 ml/kg. Nio fluid was infused in groups S and CLP. Carotid artery and jugular vein were cannulated for MAP monitoring, blood sampling and drug and fluid administration. MAP was recorded immediately (T1) and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 h (T2-6) after CLP. Arterial blood samples were collected at T6 for determination of plasma IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations. Results Compared with those at T1, MAP decreased significantly after CLP at T4-6 in group CLP and at T5.6 in group R but hypotension did not develop after CLP in group HES and R + HES. Plasma IL-6 concentration was significantly higher in group CLP and R than in group S. There was no significant difference in plasma IL-6 concentration between group S and group HES and R + HES. Plasma IL-10 concentration was significantly lower in group CLP and higher in group HES than in group S. There was no significant difference in plasma IL-10 concentration between group S and group R and R + HES. Plasma IL-6 concentration was significantly lower, while plasma IL-10 concentration was significantly higher in group R + HES and HES,and plasma IL-10 concentration was significantly higher in group R or6% HES infused iv alone in maintaining the balance between pro-and anti-inflammatory cytolines in newborn rabbits with septic shock.

Objective To investigate the long-term programming effects on pubertal reproductive function by immunological challenge in early life. Methods Female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered by endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) at a dosage of 50 μg/kg and saline intraperitoneally on postnatal day 3 and 5. Body weight was measured weekly. Puberty onset ( vaginal opening) and oestrous cyclicity were monitored from postnatal day 30. At the age of 6 weeks, bilateral ovariectomy was performed. The histological and morphological change of the ovaries (the thickness of the theca interna and the number of different kinds of follicles) were observed and the immunoreactivity of the ovarian sympathetic nerve markers (low affinity receptor of nerve growth factor, p75NGFR) was evaluated by immune staining. Results Immunological challenge (exposed to LPS) in early life delayed vaginal opening significantly [LPS-treated (40.6 ±0.7) days versus controls ( 38. 6 ± 0. 5 ) days, P ＜ 0. 05], decreased the percentage of normal oestrous cyclicity ( LPS-treated 26. 1% versus controls 66. 8% , P＜ 0. 05 ) , decreased the total number of different types of follicles (primordial follicles: LPS-treated 610 ±47 versus controls 1181 ±57, P ＜ 0. 05; primary follicles: LPS-treated 624 ±41 versus controls 960 ± 30, P ＜ 0. 05 ; preantral follicles: LPS-treated 183 ± 16 versus controls 260 ± 14, P ＜ 0. 05; antral follicles: LPS-treated 32 ± 4 versus controls 79 ± 7, P ＜ 0. 05) and increased the thickness of the theca interna [LPS-treated ( 15. 8 ±0. 4) μm versus controls (11.4 ±0. 3) μm, P ＜ 0. 05]. The immunostaining of p75NGFR was obviously enhanced in the LPS-treated ovaries when compared with that of controls ( P ＜ 0. 05 ) . Conclusions Immunological stress during early critical developmental windows could have long dysfunctional effects on the pubertal reproductive function. It delayed puberty onset, reduced the percentage of the normal oestrous cycles, decreased follicles reserve and increased the thickness of the theca interna which might involve the up-regulation of the local ovarian sympathetic nerve activity.

Objective To investigate the effect of cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) inhibitor celecoxib on bladder cancer xenografts in nude mice and apoptosis of tumor cells in the xenografts. Methods Models of bladder cancer xenograft in nude mice was used to observe the effect of celecoxib on the animals and the xenografts.TUNEL was used to assess apoptotic index of tumor cells in the xenografts. Results Celecoxib could effectively inhibit the growth of xenografts(P0.05). Conclusions Celecoxib maybe inhibit the growth of bladder cancer via inducing apoptosis of tumor cells and perhaps will become a choice of chemoprevention and adjuvant therapy of bladder cancer.

Objective To investigate the effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) on neurogenesis of the dentate gyrus organotypic hippocampal slice cultures after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD).Methods The 3-day-old Sprague Dawley rats were used to making organotypic hippocampal slices.They were randomly divided into four groups:a blank control group,a saline control group (giving 1 mL normal saline after OGD),a high-dose HSYA group (giving 1 ml,0.072 mg/ml HSYA after OGD),and a low-dose HSYA group (giving 1 ml,0.036 mg/ml HSYA after OGD) (n =6 slices in each group).Nestin and 5-bromo deoxyuridine nucleoside imnune fluorescence method were used to double-label the proliferation of neural stem cell (NSC).Results There were significant differences in NSC numbers among the different time points before and after OGD in slices of each group (all P ＜0.001).After OGD,the proliferation of NSC numbers reduced significantly in each group,cell proliferation increased siginificantly at day 3,and the proliferation of NSC number at day 6 was lower than that at day 3,but they still higher than those before OGD.There were significant differences in the proliferation of NSC numbers among the blank control,the saline control,high-dose HSYA,and low-dose HSYA groups (F =947.077,P ＜0.001).Observing from each time point,in addition to before OGD,the proliferation of NSC numbers at all other time points had the following relations:the blank control Group ＞ the high-dose HSYA group ＞ the low-dose HSYA group ＞ the saline control group (all P＜0.001).Conclusions HSYA may alleviate OGD to the NSC injury and contribute to neurogenesis.

0.05). Conclusions Bacterial biofilm formation on the surface of the catheter is an important pathogenetic factor,which contributes to the recurrence and antibiotic resistance of urinary tract infection. Shortening the period of catheter dwelling and using closed drainage remain the predominant prevention and treatment of urinary tract infection.

Objective To investigate the effects of rhubarb combined with glutamine on repair of gut mucosal barrier injury after gastrointestinal surgery in rats. Methods Fifty male healthy Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into five groups:control(C group),enteral nutrition(EN group),rhubarb with EN(R-EN group), glutamine with EN(G-EN group)and rhubarb combined with glutamine and EN(R-G-EN group)groups(each n=10). The rats of C group received no treatment and were fed normally. Cecectomy and gastrostomy were performed in EN,R-EN,G-EN and R-G-EN groups,and in 24 hours after surgery,they were interfered with the use of amoxicillin 50 mg/d and metronidazole 20 mg twice a day. From the first day after operation,each group was treated with the same prescription of enteral isocaloric and isonitrogenous nutrition for consecutive 7 days. Seven days later, under anaesthesia,laparotomy was performed,and a specimen of 1 cm intestinal segment was taken from the terminal 5 cm long ileum for all the groups;under the light microscope,the morphological examination of intestinal mucosal epithelial tight junctions(including villus height and mucosal thickness)was carried out. For each group,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to measure the levels of plasma citruline and D-lactate,and the serum concentration of TNF-αwas detected by utilizing double antibody ABC-ELISA. Results The levels of D-lactate and TNF-αin EN,R-EN,G-EN and R-G-EN groups were obviously higher than those in C group(all P<0.01). The level of plasma citruline(μmol/L:16.13±0.58 vs. 14.52±0.28)of R-G-EN group was remarkably higher than that in R-EN group(P<0.05),and its levels of serum D-lactate(mmol/L:3.12±0.56 vs. 3.62±0.52)and TNF-α(ng/L:2.82±0.62 vs. 3.54±0.49)were markedly lower than those of G-EN group(both P<0.05). The mucosal villus height(μm:126.50±6.31 vs. 175.67±11.91),mucosal thickness(μm:223.67±11.94 vs. 277.00±14.06)and the level of plasma citruline(μmol/L:13.25±0.36 vs. 15.67±0.55)in EN group were obviously lower than those of C group(all P<0.01);the above indexes of R-EN,G-EN and R-G-EN groups were higher than those of EN group (P<0.05 or P<0.01),but in the comparisons of the villus height and mucosal thickness among the three groups there were no statistical significant differences(all P>0.05). Conclusion The application of rhubarb combined with glutamine can protect gut mucosa,reduce the level of inflammatory reaction and elevate the level of plasma citruline, that is beneficial to the repair of gut mucosal barrier injury and its functional recovery after gastrointestinal surgery in rats.

SUMMARY Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin ( BCG) was a common treatment for non-muscle inva-sive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. The complication of prostatic abscess was rare. We reported a case of tuberculous prostatic abscess after BCG therapy. A 65-year-old man was diagnosed as bladder cancer and accepted transurethral resection of bladder tumor ( TURBT) treatment. He received a 6-week induction course without any infection complication. Following the second BCG maintenance instillation, he complained of fever and dysuria. Transrectal ultrasound ( TRUS) demonstrated a well-defined complex mass in the right lobe of his prostate. The diagnosis of tuberculous prostatic abscess was considered after excluding other bacterial infection. The patient was treated with an anti-tuberculous regimen of isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol. The symptoms were relieved after 4 weeks of anti-tuberculous therapy. Be-cause of the good response to the medicine, no further aspiration or drainage of prostatic abscess was car-ried out. The anti-tuberculous therapy had to be stopped for serious drug induced liver injury after 6 weeks of anti-tuberculous therapy. Eight weeks later of stopping anti-tuberculous therapy, the follow-up TRUS showed the disappearance of the prostatic abscess and the test of his liver function was normal. Considering the virulence of BCG is weaker than that of common tuberclebacillus, the shorter course of anti-tuberculous therapy maybe an alternative choice, and surgical drainage is not always necessary.

As a critical part of national scientific and technology system reform, construction of national innovation system is a fundamental measure of innovation driven development strategy.Medical science and technology innovation system (MSTIS) is an important component of national innovation system (NIS).It is essential to elaborate the content, characteristics and process of the MSTIS.Based on the development status of Chinese economy and society and the framework of NIS, we evaluated the characteristics of medical science and technology development, and ultimately concluded and elaborated the content and characteristics of MSTIS from the following aspects: innovation force, innovation subjects, innovation activities, and innovation environments.We also prospected the future process of MSTIS, i.e., promotion of innovation force, ability construction of innovation subjects,scientific plan of innovation activities, and improvement of innovation environment.