The outbreak of high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses causing severe illness and death has severely disrupted poultry production and trade and posed a significant threat to public health.In recent thirty years,the virus has been endemic in Southeast Asia,China,Europe and Africa.Although the virus shows little ability of transmission between humans,a process of genetic reassortment could occur in a human co-infected with avian influenza A virus and a human strain of influenza A virus.So H5N1 represents a potential source of the next pandemic influenza.Direct avian-human H5N1 virus transmission is the predominant means of human infection,through direct contact with infected birds and virus-contaminated fomites or with fertilizer containing poultry feces.After several rounds of infection the viruses acquire the mutations required for crossing species barrier and infect a range of mammalian species including humans.Currently,vaccination is still the key strategy to prevent severe illness and death from pandemic influenza.Antiviral drugs such as NA inhibitors play an important role in antiviral treatment.The features of avian influenza virus and its mechanism of transmission in animals and humans are herewith reviewed,and the pathopoiesis of the virus,the current status of vaccine development and antiviral treatment are also discussed.

The paper analyzes current situation of the non -medical majors and literature information retrieval course in Traditional Chinese Medicine ( TCM) colleges and universities , points out the course reform objectives and key points .By taking Liaoning Universi-ty of Traditional Chinese Medicine as an example , it discusses the characteristics of non -medical majors and needs for the literature in-formation retrieval course , and proposes the teaching approach of literature information retrieval course for non -medical majors in TCM colleges and universities .

Objective To evaluate the role of procalcitonin (PCT)in the early diagnosis for hand,foot and mouth disease (HFMD)with bacterial infection.Methods Clinical data of 234 HFMD children who were hospitalized be-tween January and July 2012 were analyzed retrospectively,according to discharge diagnosis,data were divided into simple viral infection group (n=178)and viral associated with bacterial infection group (n=56),and data of 20 healthy children were selected as the control group.Serum PCT,C-reactive protein (CRP)and peripheral white blood cell (WBC)count were compared.Results There was significant difference in the level of PCT,CRP and WBC among three groups (F=381.94,24.18,and 26.46,respectively,all P<0.05).The positive rate of PCT,CRP and WBC among three groups was significantly different(χ2=178.25,38.98,and 71.21,all P<0.05),PCT,CRP and WBC in bacterial infection group(92.86%[52/56],85.71%[48/56],and 87.50%[49/56]respectively)were significantly higher than those of simple viral infection group (3.93%[7/178],62.36%[111/178],and 30.90%[55/178]respectively)and healthy control group (5.00%[1/20],10.00%[2/20],and 5.00%[1/20]respectively).The sensitivity rate of PCT,CRP and WBC was 92.86%,85.71%,and 87.50% respectively,specificity rate was 95.00%,90.00%,and 95.00% respectively.Conclusion The level of PCT has important value for the early diagno-sis of HFMD with bacterial infection,and its accuracy rate and sensitivity are better than CRP and WBC levels.

The paper introduces the research significance of Traditional Chinese Medicine ( TCM) literature information retrieval based on cognition analysis, by analyzing cognition of literature information demands of TCM students in different majors of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, it studies from three perspectives:literature information retrieval demand, retrieval thinking and development direction of TCM literature information retrieval system.It also points out that study on thinking and practice of literature information retriev-al based on cognition analysis is the effective approach to enhance information literacy and improve the comprehensive quality.

There are many kinds of research methods in proteomics of breast cancer,one of them is mass spectrometry and have made a great progress.With more progress in proteomics studies,diagnosis and prognosis of the specific markers for breast cancer continue to be found,there would be great benefits for patients with breast cancer in diagnosis and prognosis.

On the basis of reviewing the significance of retrieval teaching and scientific research integration and the research situation at home and abroad,the paper proposes the undergraduate teaching optimization plan of literature information retrieval of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) teaching integrated with scientific research,points out that the teaching design should focus on the cultivation of scientific research ability,the teaching process advocates the efficient and rich communication form based on the students,and the course assessment should establish multi-dimensional evaluation system.

Objective To evaluate the quality of Cortex Cinnamomi from genuine producing areas and GAP planting base,and to compare with those of the commercial medicinal materials.Methods A RP-HPLC method was carried out to determine the content of cinnamyl aldehyde in cortex cinnamomi.Combined with the comparison of volatile oil yield,total ash content and acid-insoluble ash content,the quality of the samples was evaluated with the index of cinnamyl aldehyde content.Results The total ash contents and acid-insoluble ash contents of all samples were in the normal range.Cinnamyl aldehyde contents and volatile oil yields for samples from genuine producing areas and GAP planting base were up to the pharmacopoeia.There was a great fluctuation in cinnamyl aldehyde contents and volatile oil yields in commercial materials.Conclusions The quality is good and stable for the samples from genuine producing areas and GAP planting base,but it is not stable for the commercial materials.

Survivin variants specific real time quantitative RT-PCR was developed to analyze their expression in 53 paired cancer and para-cancerous tissues, and the expression of the wild-type survivin protein was detected by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that survivin mRNA and protein were expressed in gastric cancer and para-cancerous tissues. The survivin-2B was dominantly expressed in para-cancerous tissues, whereas the survivin-DeltaEx3 was more frequently detected in cancer tissues. The positive rate of survivin-2a was 100% in both cancer and para-cancerous tissues, but its relative transcript expression level was not significantly increased in cancer tissues in comparison with para-cancerous tissues. The correlation analysis revealed that the expression of survivin-2a mRNA was significantly associated with that of total survivin (r (s)=0.4178, P=0.0018), whereas inversely to that of survivin-DeltaEX3 (r (s)=-0.4506, P=0.0007). It was suggested that survivin-2a may act as an antagonist of survivin-DeltaEX3. The balance between antiapoptotic survivin iso-forms and nonantiapoptotic ones may play an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Promising value is hinted to analyze survivin and its variants in tumor early diagnosis and distinguishing malignant tumors from benign ones.
Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/*metabolism ; Protein Isoforms/genetics ; Protein Isoforms/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Stomach Neoplasms/*metabolism ; Stomach Neoplasms/pathology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Tumor Markers, Biological/genetics ; Tumor Markers, Biological/*metabolism

Objective To observe the effect of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitor on the inflammatory injury and the secondary remote damage in remote areas of the CA1 region in the right hippocampus of the focal cerebral ischemic/reperfusion rats,and the NF-κB essential modifier binding domain (NBD) peptide was used to inhibit the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway to explore the function and mechanism of the NBD peptide in restraining inflammatory injury and reducing secondary remote damage in the hippocampus CA1 region.Methods According to the random number table,the male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into a sham group (n =24),an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)group (n =38),a NBD group (n =38) and a modified type peptide (MT-NBD) group (n =38),then at the time point of 24 h and 7 d after reperfusion,the above 4 groups were divided into 2 subgroups.The experimental models were made by middle cerebral artery occlusion (modified line plug method) for 2 hours.The NBD peptide and the MT-NBD peptide were respectively injected into the right hippocampus of the experimental groups.The injury of neurons was examined by the methods of H&E and Fluoro-Jade B-(FJB)staining.The levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-1Ra were detected by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The protein expressions of NF-κB p65 and IκBα were analyzed by Western blotting and the double-labelling immunofluorescence.Results Compared with the NBD group (24 h 0.206 ±0.013,7 d 0.090 ±0.012) and the sham group (24 h 0.120 ±0.007,7 d 0.100 ±0.014),the NF-κB p65 protein expression in the I/R group (24 h 2.340 ± 0.101,7 d 2.440 ± 0.081) was increased significantly (q =64.431,66.704,67.747,56.624,all P ＜ 0.05).The level of IL-1β was remarkably increased in the I/R group (24 h (1.850 ±0.192) ng/ml,7 d (1.000 ±0.178) ng/ml) compared with the NBD group (24 h (1.250 ± 0.211) ng/ml,7 d (0.560 ± 0.183) ng/ml,q =10.730,9.710,P ＜0.05).The percent of survival neurons was significantly lower in the I/R group (24 h 27.50％ ± 3.59％,7 d 28.10％ ±4.46％) and the MT-NBD group (24 h 27.30％ ±4.53％,7 d 26.30％ ±5.03％)than the NBD group (24 h 58.90％ ± 3.46％,7 d 68.40％ ±4.20％,q =19.949,19.731,2.139,22.249,all P ＜0.05).The FJB staining showed that the number of neuron degeneration in the I/R group (24 h 28.10 ±2.13,7 d 29.50 ±2.45) was higher than the NBD group (24 h 12.50 ±2.41,7 d 9.30 ±2.52,q =3.211,4.521,P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the other three groups (sham group:24 h 0.130 ± 0.008,7 d 0.150 ±0.010;I/R group:24 h 1.340 ±0.213,7 d 1.750 ±0.119;MT-NBD group:24 h 1.250 ±0.114,7 d 1.620 ±0.097),the IκBα protein expression in the NBD group (24 h 1.680 ±0.148,7 d 2.010 ±0.085) was significantly increased (q =6.348,9.139,9.414,1.711,5.277,5.555,all P ＜0.05).Compared with the I/R group (24 h (0.570 ± 0.028) ng/ml,7 d (0.430 ± 0.039) ng/ml) and the MT-NBD group (24 h (0.490 ± 0.042) ng/ml,7 d (0.380 ± 0.018) ng/ml),the level of IL-1Ra in the NBD group (24 h (1.390 ± 0.055) ng/ml,7 d (1.250 ± 0.043) ng/ml) was remarkably increased (q =4.577,6.205,9.683,6.389,all P ＜ 0.05).The results between the I/R group and the MT-NBD group were not significantly different.Conclusions The research shows that NBD peptide treatment contributes to altering the NF-κB p65/IκBα expression in nucleus effectively.And it directly regulates the NF-κB activation to alleviate the inflammatory injury in the hippocampus CA1 region after the secondary remote damage.

Objective To investigate the natural infection status of murine norovirus ( MNV) in laboratory mice in Shanghai area and isolate MNV from mouse cecal feces .Methods To collect cecal contents and serum samples from 319 specific pathogen-free ( SPF) mice coming from different research institutions .Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA) were used to detect MNV infection in the mice , re-spectively.The positive stool samples were diluted and filtered through 0.22 μm membrane, inoculated into RAW 264.7 cells, and then identified by RT-PCR.Results There were 95 positive results in the 319 cecal samples by RT-PCR, and the positive rate was 29.78%.Among 180 serum samples which were tested by RT-PCR, 70 samples were positive by ELISA, and the positive rate was 38.89%.The infected RAW 264.7 cells showed cytopathic effect ( CPE) within 72 h. After 3 times of freezing and thawing , RT-PCR obtained a 187 bp band.Conclusions The results from the present study show that there is a high natural infection rate of MNV in laboratory mice in Shanghai area , and the strict breeding manage-ment must be strengthened .